Trial reportJournal of autoimmunity2015
Low-dose interleukin-2 fosters a dose-dependent regulatory T cell tuned milieu in T1D patients.
Trial report in Journal of autoimmunity, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02714959 (Effect of IL-2 in Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 151 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of IL-2 in Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis Patients: A Pilot Study
Who cites it
151 citing papers in PubMed, 246 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of MK-6194, an IL-2 mutein designed to selectively activate regulatory T cells: single ascending dose and multiple ascending dose trial data.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Trial
- Low-dose IL-2 in children with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes: a Phase I/II randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study.Diabetologia · 2020Trial
- Negative modulation of suppressive HIV-specific regulatory T cells by IL-2 adjuvanted therapeutic vaccine.PLoS pathogens · 2017Trial
- The neuroimmune network in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: from mechanistic insights to biomarker-guided immunotherapies and clinical translation.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Repigmentation Competence in Vitiligo: Integrating Immune, Regulatory, Regenerative, and Microenvironmental Axes.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Tregs Promote Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle via Inhibiting STING Pathway to Improve Neurological Recovery After Ischemic Stroke.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Regulatory T cell therapy in autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases: from basic research to clinical practice and future perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Advances in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2025Review
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus prevention: present and future.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Article
- Resolution of inflammation during rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- The 'TNature reviews. Rheumatology · 2025Review
- Exhaustion of CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Imbalance of T cell subsets: a core event that mediates the progression of T2DM and its complications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Immune microenvironment in intervertebral disc degeneration: pathophysiology and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Regulatory T cell therapies: from patient data to biological insights.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Advancing immunosuppression in liver transplantation: the role of regulatory T cells in immune modulation and graft tolerance.Clinical transplantation and research · 2024Review
- Process Control of Multistep Surface Functionalization on Hydroxyethyl Starch Nanocapsules Determines the Reproducibility of the Biological Efficacy.Biomacromolecules · 2024Article
- Hydrogel-based approaches to target hypersensitivity mechanisms underlying autoimmune disease.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2024Review
91 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Most autoimmune diseases (AID) are linked to an imbalance between autoreactive effector T cells (Teffs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). While blocking Teffs with immunosuppression has long been the only therapeutic option, activating/expanding Tregs may achieve the same objective without the toxicity of immunosuppression. We showed that low-dose interleukin-2 (ld-IL-2) safely expands/activates Tregs in patients with AID, such HCV-induced vasculitis and Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). Here we analyzed the kinetics and dose-relationship of IL-2 effects on immune responses in T1D patients. Ld-IL-2 therapy induced a dose-dependent increase in CD4(+)Foxp3(+) and CD8(+)Foxp3(+) Treg numbers and proportions, the duration of which was markedly dose-dependent. Tregs expressed enhanced levels of activation markers, including CD25, GITR, CTLA-4 and basal pSTAT5, and retained a 20-fold higher sensitivity to IL-2 than Teff and NK cells. Plasma levels of regulatory cytokines were increased in a dose-dependent manner, while cytokines linked to Teff and Th17 inflammatory cells were mostly unchanged. Global transcriptome analyses showed a dose-dependent decrease in immune response signatures. At the highest dose, Teff responses against beta-cell antigens were suppressed in all 4 patients tested. These results inform of broader changes induced by ld-IL-2 beyond direct effects on Tregs, and relevant for further development of ld-IL-2 for therapy and prevention of T1D, and other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.