Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25631482›Full record

ArticleTobacco control2015

Cigarette price and other factors associated with brand choice and brand loyalty in Zambia: findings from the ITC Zambia Survey.

Ramzi G Salloum, Fastone Goma, Grieve Chelwa, Xi Cheng, Richard Zulu, Susan C Kaai, Anne C K Quah, James F Thrasher, Geoffrey T Fong

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Tobacco control, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Adolescent's Perception about the Introduction of New Cigarette Packaging and Plain Packaging of Cigarette Packs: A Qualitative Study.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2018
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Waterpipe Smoking and Regulation in the United States: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ramzi G SalloumArnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
Fastone GomaUniversity of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia.
Grieve ChelwaSchool of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.
Xi ChengArnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
Richard ZuluInstitute of Economic and Social Research, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
Susan C KaaiDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Anne C K QuahDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
James F ThrasherArnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
Geoffrey T FongDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Funding

Variation in Cigarettes, Tobacco use Behaviors and Exposures in ITC CountriesP01CA138389 · NCI · ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE CORP · PI THOMPSON, MARY · 2009 to 2013
$13.4M
Canadian Institutes of Health Research 115016NCI NIH HHS P01 CA138389
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesLittle is known about cigarette pricing and brand loyalty in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines these issues in Zambia, analysing data from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Zambia Survey.

methodsData from Wave 1 of the ITC Zambia Survey (2012) were analysed for current smokers of factory-made (FM) cigarettes compared with those who smoked both FM and roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes, using multivariate logistic regression models to identify the predictors of brand loyalty and reasons for brand choice.

results75% of FM-only smokers and 64% of FM+RYO smokers reported having a regular brand. Compared with FM-only smokers, FM+RYO smokers were, on average, older (28% vs 20% ≥40 years), low income (64% vs 43%) and had lower education (76% vs 44% < secondary). Mean price across FM brands was ZMW0.50 (US$0.08) per stick. Smokers were significantly less likely to be brand loyal (>1 year) if they were aged 15-17 years (vs 40-54 years) and if they had moderate (vs low) income. Brand choice was predicted mostly by friends, taste and brand popularity. Price was more likely to be a reason for brand loyalty among FM+RYO smokers, among ≥55-year-old smokers and among those who reported being more addicted to cigarettes.

conclusionsThese results in Zambia document the high levels of brand loyalty in a market where price variation is fairly small across cigarette brands. Future research is needed on longitudinal trends to evaluate the effect of tobacco control policies in Zambia.

Indexed as

Choice BehaviorAdolescentAdultAge FactorsCommerceCross-Sectional StudiesEducational StatusFemaleHumansIncomeLogistic ModelsMaleMiddle AgedMultivariate AnalysisSmokingTobacco ProductsEconomicsGlobal healthHand-rolled/RYO tobaccoLow/Middle income countryPrice

Identifiers

PMID25631482
PMCPMC4743763

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.