ArticlePloS one2015
Persistent organic pollutants and early menopause in U.S. women.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Environmental Health Outcomes in Selected American Indian and Alaska Native Populations.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2020Pooled it
- Variations in reproductive events across life: a pooled analysis of data from 505 147 women across 10 countries.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2019Pooled it
- The impact of FMR1 gene mutations on human reproduction and development: a systematic review.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2016Pooled it
- Lipid dysregulation in mouse ovarian antral follicles after oral exposure to a human relevant mixture of three phthalates.Toxicology · 2026Article
- Single-cell study of human ovarian response to phthalate exposure reveals glial cell susceptibility and disruption of adhesion and mitochondrial pathways.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- From Follicle Development to Fertilization: How PCBs and PFAS May Shape Female Reproductive Health.Toxics · 2026Review
- Associations between pollutants, the regularity of daily sex hormone patterns, and hormone profiles over a complete menstrual cycle.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Acute exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) impacts pituitary hormones and inflammatory markers, suggesting altered reproductive aging in adult female mice.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Preventing ovarian aging: from redox-targeted strategies to extracellular vesicle-based therapies.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Living in a chemical cocktail: real-world mixture exposures and their impact on ovarian function.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2026Review
- FIGO committee opinion: Environmental drivers of gynecologic and reproductive health.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2025Article
- Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and female reproductive health: a growing concern.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Epidemiologically relevant phthalate mixture and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate exposure alter cell energy metabolism in primary mouse granulosa cells.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) hazard assessment of the banned pesticides by the National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- IMPACT OF REAL-LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ON REPRODUCTION: Phthalates disrupt female reproductive health: a call for enhanced investigation into mixtures.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2025Review
- Dietary exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate for 6 months alters markers of female reproductive aging in mice†.Biology of reproduction · 2025Article
- Association of early menopause with indoor air pollution: A multilevel modelling analysis of the nationally representative cross-sectional study in India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Can advancing environmental justice safeguard older adults' health? - Evidence from China's establishment of environmental courts.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Role of personal care products as endocrine disruptors affecting reproductive age women.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Review
- Association between endocrine disrupting chemicals and female infertility: a study based on NHANES database.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveEndocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) adversely affect human health. Our objective was to determine the association of EDC exposure with earlier age of menopause.
methodsCross-sectional survey using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2008 (n = 31,575 females). Eligible participants included: menopausal women >30 years of age; not currently pregnant, breastfeeding, using hormonal contraception; no history of bilateral oophorectomy or hysterectomy. Exposures, defined by serum lipid and urine creatinine-adjusted measures of EDCs, data were analyzed: > 90th percentile of the EDC distribution among all women, log-transformed EDC level, and decile of EDC level. Multi linear regression models considered complex survey design characteristics and adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, smoking, body mass index. EDCs were stratified into long (>1 year), short, and unknown half-lives; principle analyses were performed on those with long half-lives as well as phthalates, known reproductive toxicants. Secondary analysis determined whether the odds of being menopausal increased with EDC exposure among women aged 45-55 years.
findingsThis analysis examined 111 EDCs and focused on known reproductive toxicants or chemicals with half-lives >1 year. Women with high levels of β-hexachlorocyclohexane, mirex, p,p'-DDE, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners -70, -99, -105, -118, -138, -153, -156, -170, and -183 had mean ages of menopause 1.9 to 3.8 years earlier than women with lower levels of these chemicals. EDC-exposed women were up to 6 times more likely to be menopausal than non-exposed women.
conclusionsThis study of a representative sample of US women documents an association between EDCs and earlier age at menopause. We identified 15 EDCs that warrant closer evaluation because of their persistence and potential detrimental effects on ovarian function. Earlier menopause can alter the quantity and quality of a woman's life and has profound implications for fertility, human reproduction, and our global society.
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