ArticleNutrients2015
Protopanaxadiol, an active ginseng metabolite, significantly enhances the effects of fluorouracil on colon cancer.
Article in Nutrients, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Formulation And Evaluation Of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Of 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) By Box-Behnken Design.International journal of nanomedicine · 2019Trial
- A review of pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetic of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol.Journal of ginseng research · 2026Review
- Current Insights of the Potential Plant Bioactive Compounds on Modulating the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Regulating Oncological Disorders.Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2025Review
- Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Combined Treatment of Resveratrol- and Protopanaxadiol-Enriched Rice Seed Extract on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- An Updated Insight into Phytomolecules and Novel Approaches used in the Management of Breast Cancer.Current drug targets · 2024Review
- Protopanaxadiol ameliorates palmitate-induced lipotoxicity and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in INS-1 cells.Journal of ginseng research · 2023Article
- Effect of Ginseng Sapogenin Protopanaxadiol-Enriched Rice (DJ-PPD) on Immunomodulation.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Protopanaxadiol-Enriched Rice Extracts Suppressed Oxidative and Melanogenic Activities in Melan-a Cells.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Latest research progress on anticancer effect of baicalin and its aglycone baicalein.Archives of pharmacal research · 2022Review
- Effects of dihydroartemisinin, a metabolite of artemisinin, on colon cancer chemoprevention and adaptive immune regulation.Molecular biology reports · 2022Article
- A narrative review of the pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Review
- Role of Ginseng, Quercetin, and Tea in Enhancing Chemotherapeutic Efficacy of Colorectal Cancer.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- The anti-tumor efficacy of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, an active metabolite of ginseng, according to fasting on hepatocellular carcinoma.Journal of ginseng research · 2022Article
- The discovery of pivotal fungus and major determinant factor shaping soil microbial community composition associated with rot root of American ginseng.Plant signaling & behavior · 2021Article
- Synergistic Growth Inhibition of HT-29 Colon and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells with Simultaneous and Sequential Combinations of Antineoplastics and CNS Drugs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Synergistic Interaction between 5-FU and an Analog of Sulforaphane-2-Oxohexyl Isothiocyanate-In an In Vitro Colon Cancer Model.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Phytochemicals as Potential Anticancer Drugs: Time to Ponder Nature's Bounty.BioMed research international · 2020Review
- Natural Product Triterpenoids and Their Semi-Synthetic Derivatives with Potential Anticancer Activity.Planta medica · 2019Review
- Ginsenoside compound K inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B by targeting Annexin A2.Journal of ginseng research · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of protopanaxadiol (PPD), a gut microbiome induced ginseng metabolite, in increasing the anticancer effects of a chemotherapeutic agent fluorouracil (5-FU) on colorectal cancer. An in vitro HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell proliferation test was conducted to observe the effects of PPD, 5-FU and their co-administration and the related mechanisms of action. Then, an in vivo xenografted athymic mouse model was used to confirm the in vitro data. Our results showed that the human gut microbiome converted ginsenoside compound K to PPD as a metabolite. PPD and 5-FU significantly inhibited HCT-116 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner (both p<0.01), and the effects of 5-FU were very significantly enhanced by combined treatment with PPD (p<0.01). Cell cycle evaluation demonstrated that 5-FU markedly induced the cancer cell S phase arrest, while PPD increased arrest in G1 phase. Compared to the control, 5-FU and PPD increased apoptosis, and their co-administration significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells (p<0.01). Using bioluminescence imaging, in vivo data revealed that 5-FU significantly reduced the tumor growth up to Day 20 (p<0.05). PPD and 5-FU co-administration very significantly reduced the tumor size in a dose-related manner (p<0.01 compared to the 5-FU alone). The quantification of the tumor size and weight changes for 43 days supported the in vivo imaging data. Our results demonstrated that the co-administration of PPD and 5-FU significantly inhibited the tumor growth, indicating that PPD significantly enhanced the anticancer action of 5-FU, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. PPD may have a clinical value in 5-FU's cancer therapeutics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.