ReviewVirology2015
T cell exhaustion during persistent viral infections.
Review in Virology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 216 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
216 citing papers in PubMed, 321 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influenza vaccines promote humoral and cellular immune responses: a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Association of baseline soluble immune checkpoints with the risk of relapse in PR3-ANCA vasculitis following induction of remission.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2023Trial
- Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: Innate immune, vascular, and platelet pathogenic factors differ in severity of disease and sex.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2021Trial
- Longitudinal assessment of T cell inhibitory receptors in liver transplant recipients and their association with posttransplant infections.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2018Trial
- Hyper-Expression of PD-1 Is Associated with the Levels of Exhausted and Dysfunctional Phenotypes of Circulating CD161Frontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
- Implications of RNA virus persistence for post-acute sequelae and chronic inflammatory syndromes.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Protein-dependent CD4iScience · 2026Article
- Integrated drivers of basal and acute immunity in diverse human populations.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Immune Exhaustion in Chronic Infection and Cancer: Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Interventions.MedComm · 2026Review
- Vaccination Against Pathogens Targeting Cell-Derived Cryptic Antigens.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Stepwise differentiation from precursor intermediates and distinct Th1 checkpoints promote CD4 Th1 cell differentiation during chronic viral infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- World free HIV: the novel therapeutic approaches for eliminating latent HIV infection.Virology journal · 2026Review
- Immune Dysregulation in HIV-TB Co-Infection: Role of Cytokines and T Cell Biomarkers-A Narrative Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Post-COVID impairment of memory T cell responses to community-acquired pathogens can be rectified by activating cellular metabolism.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- From exhaustion to functional cure: frontiers in reversing HBV-specific T-cell immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- HIV status defines distinct immunological drivers of persistent portal hypertension after HCV cure in people with advanced cirrhosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Early classical swine fever virus persistence is associated with cytotoxic and immunoregulatory transcriptional signatures distinct from protective C-strain vaccination.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- The immunomodulatory role of human cytomegalovirus in cancer in the era of checkpoint immunotherapy.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Review
- Association of leukocyte telomere length with anti-HBsAg antibody titer in Hepatitis-B recovered patients from the Pakistani population.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The role of TCF-1+CD8+ exhausted progenitors and TCF-1 in graft-versus-host responses.JCI insight · 2025Article
156 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although robust and highly effective anti-viral T cells contribute to the clearance of many acute infections, viral persistence is associated with the development of functionally inferior, exhausted, T cell responses. Exhaustion develops in a step-wise and progressive manner, ranges in severity, and can culminate in the deletion of the anti-viral T cells. This disarming of the response is consequential as it compromises viral control and potentially serves to dampen immune-mediated damage. Exhausted T cells are unable to elaborate typical anti-viral effector functions. They are characterized by the sustained upregulation of inhibitory receptors and display a gene expression profile that distinguishes them from prototypic effector and memory T cell populations. In this review we discuss the properties of exhausted T cells; the virological and immunological conditions that favor their development; the cellular and molecular signals that sustain the exhausted state; and strategies for preventing and reversing exhaustion to favor viral control.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.