Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25613426›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2015

Educational outcomes following breech delivery: a record-linkage study of 456947 children.

Daniel F Mackay, Rachael Wood, Albert King, David N Clark, Sally-Ann Cooper, Gordon C S Smith, Jill P Pell

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
0.9field-weighted citation impact, top 23% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Observational
  7. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Daniel F MackayInstitute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK, Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK, ScotXed Unit, Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
Rachael WoodInstitute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK, Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK, ScotXed Unit, Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
Albert KingInstitute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK, Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK, ScotXed Unit, Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
David N ClarkInstitute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK, Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK, ScotXed Unit, Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
Sally-Ann CooperInstitute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK, Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK, ScotXed Unit, Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
Gordon C S SmithInstitute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK, Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK, ScotXed Unit, Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
Jill P PellInstitute of Health and Wellbeing, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK, Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK, ScotXed Unit, Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK Jill.pell@glasgow.ac.uk.
Scottish Government · GBNational Health Service Scotland · GB

Funding

Chief Scientist Office SCPH/11
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundObstetric management of term breech infants changed dramatically following the Term Breech Trial which suggested increased serious neonatal morbidity following trial of labour. Short-term morbidity is a poor proxy of long-term neurological sequelae. We determined whether vaginal breech delivery was associated with educational outcomes.

methodsWe linked three Scotland-wide administrative databases at an individual level: the ScotXed school census; Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) examination results; and Scottish Morbidity Record (SMR02) maternity database. The linkage provided information on singleton children, born at term, attending Scottish schools between 2006 and 2011.

resultsOf the 456 947 eligible children, 1574 (0.3%) had vaginal breech deliveries, 12 489 (2.7%) planned caesarean section for breech presentation and 442 090 (96.9%) vaginal cephalic deliveries. The percentage of term breech infants delivered vaginally fell from 23% to 7% among children who started school in 2006 and 2011, respectively. Of children born by vaginal breech delivery, 1.5% had a low 5-min Apgar score (≤3) compared with only 0.4% of those born by either breech caesarean section [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 6.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.44-8.54, p<0.001] or cephalic vaginal delivery (adjusted OR 3.84, 95% CI 2.99-4.93, p<0.001). Children born by vaginal breech delivery had lower examination attainment than those born by either planned caesarean section for breech presentation (adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.32, p=0.020) or vaginal cephalic delivery (adjusted OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01-1.28, p=0.029).

conclusionsVaginal delivery of term breech infants was associated with lower examination attainment, as well as poorer Apgar scores, suggesting that the adverse effects are not just short-term.

Indexed as

Apgar ScoreIntelligenceAdolescentBreech PresentationCesarean SectionChildChild DevelopmentChild, PreschoolDelivery, ObstetricEducational StatusFemaleGestational AgeHumansInfantInfant MortalityMaleApgar scorebreech presentationeducational statusintellectual disability

Identifiers

PMID25613426
PMCPMC4415090
OpenAlexW2154810514

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.