ArticleScientific reports2015
Photorefraction estimates of refractive power varies with the ethnic origin of human eyes.
Article in Scientific reports, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Scope and costs of autorefraction and photoscreening for childhood amblyopia-a systematic narrative review in relation to the EUSCREEN project data.Eye (London, England) · 2021Pooled it
- Accommodative responses stimulated from the Maddox components of vergence in participants with normal binocular vision.Journal of vision · 2025Trial
- Comparative Analysis of Physiological Vergence Angle Calculations from Objective Measurements of Gaze Position.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Retinoscopes: Past and present.World journal of methodology · 2024Article
- Focusing on mixed narrow band stimuli: Implications for mechanisms of accommodation and displays.Journal of vision · 2024Article
- Comparison of the PlusoptiX A16 and vision screener V100.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2023Article
- Impact of temporal fluctuations in optical defocus on visual acuity: Empirical results and modeling outcomes.Journal of vision · 2023Article
- Fluctuations of Steady-State Accommodation Is a Marker for Screening Spasm of Near Reflex.Translational vision science & technology · 2021Article
- Accuracy of autorefraction in an adult Indian population.PloS one · 2021Article
- Does the Accuracy and Repeatability of Refractive Error Estimates Depend on the Measurement Principle of Autorefractors?Translational vision science & technology · 2021Article
- Utilizing minicomputer technology for low-cost photorefraction: a feasibility study.Biomedical optics express · 2020Article
- Spasm of Near Reflex: Objective Assessment of the Near-Triad.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Article
- Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Refractive Error Using Photorefraction Images Captured by a Smartphone: Model Development and Validation Study.JMIR medical informatics · 2020Article
- Refraction and pupil diameter in 3-year- and 1-month-old children as measured by Spot Vision Screener.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Calibration of the PlusOptix PowerRef 3 with change in viewing distance, adult age and refractive error.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2019Article
- Vergence driven accommodation with simulated disparity in myopia and emmetropia.Experimental eye research · 2018Article
- Trying to see, failing to focus: near visual impairment in Down syndrome.Scientific reports · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Eccentric infrared photorefraction is an attractive tool for measuring refractive errors of young children and uncooperative subjects, for it allows quick and non-invasive acquisition of data from both eyes simultaneously over a reasonably large dioptric range. Accuracy of refraction in this technique depends on calibration of luminance slope formed across the pupil into diopters (defocus calibration factor). Commercial photorefractors, like the PowerRef 3™ used in this study, employ an universal defocus calibration factor from one population (Caucasian) to convert raw data of all populations. This study reports significantly larger defocus calibration factors of PowerRef 3™ in 132 East Asian, African and Indian eyes, relative to the machine's default calibration (p < 0.001). The calibration slope of 50 Indian eyes was over-estimated by 64 ± 11% (mean ± 95%CI), vis-à-vis, retinoscopy (p < 0.001). The error reduced to ~6-7% upon rescaling the data using a calibration factor specific for Indian eyes or to that individual (p > 0.9, relative to no over-estimation). Our results therefore strongly suggest the use of an ethnicity- or individual-specific defocus calibration factor for accurate estimation of refraction using photorefraction. Inaccurate refraction estimates due to calibration errors will otherwise severely undermine the advantages of this technique.
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