Trial reportAnnals of surgery2016
Immediate Implant Reconstruction Is Associated With a Reduced Risk of Lymphedema Compared to Mastectomy Alone: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Trial report in Annals of surgery, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Obese Patients Undergoing Implant-based Breast Reconstruction: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2026Article
- Review
- [Advances in intra-abdominal vascularized lymph node transfer for treatment of limb lymphedema].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2026Review
- Comprehensive overview of management and risk assessment of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a multidisciplinary approach.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- The Association of Hand Dominance With the Development of Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema After Mastectomy: A Retrospective Analysis.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Reduced risk of lymphedema after immediate breast reconstruction in breast cancer: a retrospective nationwide study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Incidence of lymphedema related to various cancers.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Review
- Advances in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2023Review
- [Research progress of combined surgical treatment of lymphedema based on vascularized lymph node transfer].Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery · 2023Article
- Review
- Review
- Integrating Symptoms Into the Diagnostic Criteria for Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: Applying Results From a Prospective Surveillance Program.Physical therapy · 2020Article
- High Incidence of Axillary Web Syndrome among Breast Cancer Survivors after Breast Reconstruction.Breast care (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: Risk Factors, Screening, Management, and the Impact of Locoregional Treatment.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2020Review
- Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy in Women with Breast Cancer: A Systematic and Meta-Analysis Review.World journal of plastic surgery · 2020Review
- The legacy of lymphedema: Impact on nursing practice and vascular access.Canadian oncology nursing journal = Revue canadienne de nursing oncologique · 2019Article
- Breast cancer-related lymphedema: risk factors, precautionary measures, and treatments.Gland surgery · 2018Review
- Diagnostic Methods, Risk Factors, Prevention, and Management of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: Past, Present, and Future Directions.Current breast cancer reports · 2017Article
- Neoadjuvant radiotherapy followed by mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction : An alternative treatment option for locally advanced breast cancer.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe sought to determine the risk of lymphedema associated with immediate breast reconstruction compared to mastectomy alone.
backgroundImmediate breast reconstruction is increasingly performed at the time of mastectomy. Few studies have examined whether breast reconstruction impacts development of lymphedema.
methodsA total of 616 patients with breast cancer who underwent 891 mastectomies between 2005 and 2013 were prospectively screened for lymphedema at our institution, with 22.2 months' median follow-up. Mastectomies were categorized as immediate implant, immediate autologous, or no reconstruction. Arm measurements were performed preoperatively and during postoperative follow-up using a Perometer. Lymphedema was defined as 10% or more arm volume increase compared to preoperative. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to determine lymphedema rates and risk factors.
resultsOf 891 mastectomies, 65% (580/891) had immediate implant, 11% (101/891) immediate autologous, and 24% (210/891) no reconstruction. The two-year cumulative incidence of lymphedema was as follows: 4.08% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.59-6.41%] implant, 9.89% (95% CI: 4.98-19.1%) autologous, and 26.7% (95% CI: 20.4-34.4%) no reconstruction. By multivariate analysis, immediate implant [hazards ratio (HR): 0.352, P < 0.0001] but not autologous (HR: 0.706, P = 0.2151) reconstruction was associated with a significantly reduced risk of lymphedema compared to no reconstruction. Axillary lymph node dissection (P < 0.0001), higher body mass index (P < 0.0001), and greater number of nodes dissected (P = 0.0324) were associated with increased lymphedema risk.
conclusionsThis prospective study suggests that in patients for whom implant-based reconstruction is available, immediate implant reconstruction does not increase the risk of lymphedema compared to mastectomy alone.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.