Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25604449›Full record

ReviewInternational journal of epidemiology2015

Bias from conditioning on live birth in pregnancy cohorts: an illustration based on neurodevelopment in children after prenatal exposure to organic pollutants.

Zeyan Liew, Jørn Olsen, Xin Cui, Beate Ritz, Onyebuchi A Arah

Open access · bronzeAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of epidemiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 153 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
153citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
15.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

153 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 243 citations in OpenAlex.

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93 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Zeyan LiewDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA zeyanliew@ucla.edu.
Jørn OlsenDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Xin CuiDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Beate RitzDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Onyebuchi A ArahDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA, Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
University of California, Los Angeles · US

Funding

PARKINSON'S DISEASES SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES AND PESTICIDESR01ES010544 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI RITZ, BEATE R. · 2000 to 2015
$5.7M
The impact of natural experiments on child obesity: A systems science approachR01HD072296 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI PRELIP, MICHAEL LEE, WANG, MAY C · 2013 to 2017
$2.4M
Air Pollution and Parkinson's in the Danish PASIDA StudyR21ES022391 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI RITZ, BEATE R. · 2013 to 2014
$380k
NICHD NIH HHS R01-HD072296-01A1NIEHS NIH HHS R01-ES010544NIEHS NIH HHS R21-ES022391
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Only 60-70% of fertilized eggs may result in a live birth, and very early fetal loss mainly goes unnoticed. Outcomes that can only be ascertained in live-born children will be missing for those who do not survive till birth. In this article, we illustrate a common bias structure (leading to 'live-birth bias') that arises from studying the effects of prenatal exposure to environmental factors on long-term health outcomes among live births only in pregnancy cohorts. To illustrate this we used prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-aged children as an example. PFAS are persistent organic pollutants that may impact human fecundity and be toxic for neurodevelopment. We simulated several hypothetical scenarios based on characteristics from the Danish National Birth Cohort and found that a weak inverse association may appear even if PFAS do not cause ADHD but have a considerable effect on fetal survival. The magnitude of the negative bias was generally small, and adjusting for common causes of the outcome and fetal loss can reduce the bias. Our example highlights the need to identify the determinants of pregnancy loss and the importance of quantifying bias arising from conditioning on live birth in observational studies.

Indexed as

Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityBiasDenmarkEnvironmental PollutantsFemaleFetal DeathFluorocarbonsHumansLive BirthMonte Carlo MethodPregnancyPregnancy OutcomePrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsEnvironmental PollutantsFluorocarbonsattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderBias analysisbirth cohortlive-birth biasperfluoroalkyl substancesprenatal exposurereproductive epidemiology

Identifiers

PMID25604449
PMCPMC4339763
OpenAlexW2112721631

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.