ArticlePediatrics2015
Age at gluten introduction and risk of celiac disease.
Article in Pediatrics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- Current guidelines for the management of celiac disease: A systematic review with comparative analysis.World journal of gastroenterology · 2022Pooled it
- Complementary Feeding: Recommendations for the Introduction of Allergenic Foods and Gluten in the Preterm Infant.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Microbial associations and viruses on the risk of celiac disease (MAVRiC): a longitudinal post-hoc case-cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Challenges in the Pediatric Celiac Disease Diagnosis: An Up-to-Date Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Unfolding the Mystery of Autoimmunity: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study.Diabetes care · 2025Review
- Looking back at the TEDDY study: lessons and future directions.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Environmental Factors Associated With Celiac Disease in Children in Southeast Iran: A Case-Control Study.International journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Gluten-related nutritional challenges in pediatric subjects: treatment and beyond.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Coeliac disease and microbiota: is it time for personalised biotics intervention? A scoping review.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity is modified by interactions between CD247 and environmental exposures.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A Comprehensive Review of the Neurological Manifestations of Celiac Disease and Its Treatment.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Checkpoint Inhibitors and Induction of Celiac Disease-like Condition.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Celiac Disease Revisited.GE Portuguese journal of gastroenterology · 2022Review
- Why are western diet and western lifestyle pro-inflammatory risk factors of celiac disease?Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
- Associations of breastfeeding with childhood autoimmunity, allergies, and overweight: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Article
- Immune profiling of breast milk from mothers with treated celiac disease.Pediatric research · 2021Article
- Early diagnosis of coeliac disease in the Preventive Youth Health Care Centres in the Netherlands: study protocol of a case finding study (GLUTENSCREEN).BMJ paediatrics open · 2021Article
- Review
- The Role of Early Programming and Early Nutrition on the Development and Progression of Celiac Disease: A Review.Nutrients · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 10 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe goal of this study was to determine whether age at introduction to gluten was associated with risk for celiac disease (CD) in genetically predisposed children.
methodsTEDDY (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) is a prospective birth cohort study. Newborn infants (N = 6436) screened for high-risk HLA-genotypes for CD were followed up in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the United States. Information about infant feeding was collected at clinical visits every third month. The first outcome was persistent positive for tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA), the marker for CD. The second outcome was CD, defined as either a diagnosis based on intestinal biopsy results or on persistently high levels of tTGA.
resultsSwedish children were introduced to gluten earlier (median: 21.7 weeks) compared with children from Finland (median: 26.1 weeks), Germany, and the United States (both median: 30.4 weeks) (P < .0001). During a median follow-up of 5.0 years (range: 1.7-8.8 years), 773 (12%) children developed tTGA and 307 (5%) developed CD. Swedish children were at increased risk for tTGA (hazard ratio: 1.74 [95% CI: 1.47-2.06]) and CD (hazard ratio: 1.76 [95% CI: 1.34-2.24]) compared with US children, respectively (P < .0001).Gluten introduction before 17 weeks or later than 26 weeks was not associated with increased risk for tTGA or CD, adjusted for country, HLA, gender, and family history of CD, neither in the overall analysis nor on a country-level comparison.
conclusionsIn TEDDY, the time to first introduction to gluten introduction was not an independent risk factor for developing CD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.