ArticleAutism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research2015
Neural Correlates of Set-Shifting in Children With Autism.
Article in Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03199937 (Behavioral and Neural Outcomes of a New Executive Function Treatment for Transition-age Youth With ASD), which is not on this map. Cited by 38 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Behavioral and Neural Outcomes of a New Executive Function Treatment for Transition-age Youth With ASD
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A bibliometric analysis of neuroimaging studies on cognitive control in autism spectrum disorder (2000-2025).Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Executive function in children with neurodevelopmental conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nature human behaviour · 2024Pooled it
- Neural substrates underlying effortful control deficit in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Executive Function in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis of fMRI Studies.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2020Pooled it
- Comparative meta-analyses of brain structural and functional abnormalities during cognitive control in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.Psychological medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Cognitive reappraisal modulates neural responses to aversive sensory stimulation in autistic youth.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Thalamocortical regulation of prefrontal stability enables abstract rule generalization.Science advances · 2026Article
- Defining Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Autistic People: A Framework for Assessment Using Key Elements to Aid in Characterization.Autism in adulthood · 2026Article
- Sex Similarities and Differences in Brain Dynamic Functional Connectivity Among Individuals With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders.Human brain mapping · 2025Article
- Region-Specific Brain Volume Changes Emerge in Adolescence in the Valproic Acid Model of Autism and Parallel Human Findings.Developmental neuroscience · 2025Article
- Using the cognitive rigidity-flexibility dimension to deepen our understanding of the autism spectrum.Personality neuroscience · 2025Review
- Impact of Nuclear Peripheral Chromatin Lamin LMNB1 Gene in the Proliferation and Migration of Glioma Cells.Neurochemical research · 2024Article
- Adolescent treadmill exercise enhances hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and improves cognition in autism-modeled rats.Physiology & behavior · 2024Article
- Aerobic exercise improves cognitive flexibility and modulates regional volume changes in a rat model of autism.Behavioural brain research · 2024Article
- A Novel Approach to Measuring an Old Construct: Aligning the Conceptualisation and Operationalisation of Cognitive Flexibility.Journal of Intelligence · 2024Article
- Symptom dimensions of resting-state electroencephalographic functional connectivity in autism.Nature. Mental health · 2024Article
- PEERS® for Preschoolers preliminary outcomes and predictors of treatment response.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2023Article
- Cingulate-Prefrontal Connectivity During Dynamic Cognitive Control Mediates Association Between p Factor and Adaptive Functioning in a Transdiagnostic Pediatric Sample.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2023Article
- Adolescent female valproic acid rats have impaired extra-dimensional shifts of attention and enlarged anterior cingulate cortices.Brain research · 2023Article
- Enhanced fear limits behavioral flexibility in Shank2-deficient mice.Molecular autism · 2022Article
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9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often associated with high levels of inflexible thinking and rigid behavior. The neural correlates of these behaviors have been investigated in adults and older adolescents, but not children. Prior studies utilized set-shifting tasks that engaged multiple levels of shifting, and depended on learning abstract rules and establishing a strong prepotent bias. These additional demands complicate simple interpretations of the results. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of set-shifting in 20 children (ages 7-14) with ASD and 19 typically developing, matched, control children. Participants completed a set-shifting task that minimized nonshifting task demands through the use of concrete instructions that provide spatial mapping of stimuli-responses. The shift/stay sets were given an equal number of trials to limit the prepotent bias. Both groups showed an equivalent "switch cost," responding less accurately and slower to Switch stimuli than Stay stimuli, although the ASD group was less accurate overall. Both groups showed activation in prefrontal, striatal, parietal, and cerebellum regions known to govern effective set-shifts. Compared to controls, children with ASD demonstrated decreased activation of the right middle temporal gyrus across all trials, but increased activation in the mid-dorsal cingulate cortex/superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal, and right inferior frontal gyri during the Switch vs. Stay contrast. The successful behavioral switching performance of children with ASD comes at the cost of requiring greater engagement of frontal regions, suggesting less efficiency at this lowest level of shifting.
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