ArticleReproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E2015
Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to maternal serum thyroid and sex hormone levels during pregnancy: a longitudinal analysis.
Article in Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex-dependent vulnerability to early-life phthalates exposure and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: an updated systematic review.The Lancet. Planetary health · 2021Pooled it
- Association Between Diethylhexyl Phthalate Exposure and Thyroid Function: A Meta-Analysis.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2019Pooled it
- Article
- Prenatal phthalate exposure and neurodevelopmental delay in early childhood (1 to 3 years): An Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) study.Environment international · 2026Article
- Examining the association between gestational phenol exposure and infant non-nutritive suck in two Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes cohorts.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Prenatal exposure to phthalate mixtures and child neurodevelopment in toddlers aged 1-3 years from the PROTECT birth cohort.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Article
- Effect Modification of Serum Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Associations between Urinary Phthalate Biomarkers Mixture and Pregnancy Outcomes among Women Seeking Fertility Care.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Gestational exposure to PMEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- New Antimicrobial Materials Based on Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride for Urinary Catheters: Preparation and Testing.Polymers · 2024Article
- Metabolomic Alterations Associated with Phthalate Exposures among Pregnant Women in Puerto Rico.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Association between phthalate exposure and sleep quality in pregnant women: Results from the Korean Children's Environmental Health Study with repeated assessment of exposure.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2024Article
- Exposure to Synthetic Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Relation to Maternal and Fetal Sex Steroid Hormones: A Scoping Review.Current environmental health reports · 2024Article
- Disrupted Prenatal Metabolism May Explain the Etiology of Suboptimal Neurodevelopment: A Focus on Phthalates and Micronutrients and their Relationship to Autism Spectrum Disorder.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Review
- Associations of urinary non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemical biomarkers with early-to-mid pregnancy plasma sex-steroid and thyroid hormones.Environment international · 2024Article
- Association of diethylhexyl phthalate exposure with serum thyroid hormone levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis.American journal of translational research · 2024Review
- Longitudinal Associations between Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and Steroid Hormones in Maternal Hair Samples from the SEPAGES Cohort.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- Reprotoxic Effect of Tris(2,3-Dibromopropyl) Isocyanurate (TBC) on Spermatogenic Cells In Vitro.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Associations Between Repeated Measures of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites With Hormones and Timing of Natural Menopause.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2023Article
- Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIncreasing scientific evidence suggests that exposure to phthalates during pregnancy may be associated with an elevated risk of adverse reproductive outcomes such as preterm birth. Maternal endocrine disruption across pregnancy may be one pathway mediating some of these relationships. We investigated whether urinary phthalate metabolites were associated with maternal serum thyroid (free thyroxine [FT4], free triiodothyronine [FT3], and thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]), and sex (estradiol, progesterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG]) hormone levels at multiple time points during pregnancy.
methodsPreliminary data (n = 106) were obtained from an ongoing prospective birth cohort in Northern Puerto Rico. We collected urine and serum sample at the first and third study visits that occurred at 18 +/- 2 and 26 +/- 2 weeks of gestation, respectively. To explore the longitudinal relationships between urinary phthalate metabolites and serum thyroid and sex hormone concentrations, we used linear mixed models (LMMs) adjusted for prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and maternal age. An interaction term was added to each LMM to test whether the effect of urinary phthalate metabolites on serum thyroid and sex hormone levels varied by study visit. In cross-sectional analyses, we stratified BMI- and age-adjusted linear regression models by study visit.
resultsIn adjusted LMMs, we observed significant inverse associations between mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) and FT3 and between mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) and progesterone. In cross-sectional analyses by study visit, we detected stronger and statistically significant inverse associations at the third study visit between FT3 and MCPP as well as mono-carboxyisooctyl phthalate (MCOP); also at the third study visit, significant inverse associations were observed between FT4 and metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The inverse association between MEP and progesterone was consistent across study visits.
conclusionsIn this group of pregnant women, urinary phthalate metabolites may be associated with altered maternal serum thyroid and sex hormone levels, and the magnitude of these effects may depend on the timing of exposure during gestation.
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