ArticleCell2015
Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences.
Article in Cell, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 6 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 608 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Protective Mechanisms Against a Pandemic Respiratory Virus: B- Cell, T-cell, and General Immune Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. Year 1, 2009
U19 Influenza Immunity: Protective Mechanisms Against a Pandemic Respiratory Virus. Project 1: B-cell Immunity to Influenza. Technical Development Project 1: Measuring the Immunome: Genomic Approaches to B-cell Repertoire- Year 1, 2009
Protective Mechanisms Against a Pandemic Respiratory Virus. Project 1: B-cell Immunity to Influenza. Technical Development Project 1: Measuring the Immunome: Genomic Approaches to B-cell Repertoire - Years 2 (2010) & 3 (2011)
Protective Mechanisms Against a Pandemic Respiratory Virus: B- Cell, T-cell, and General Immune Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. Year 2, 2010
Protective Mechanisms Against a Pandemic Respiratory Virus: B-Cell, T-cell, and General Immune Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. Year 3, 2011
Influenza Vaccine Study in BRCA1 or BRCA2 Carriers
Who cites it
608 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association of cesarean section with asthma in children/adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on cohort studies.BMC pediatrics · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of the time of day for vaccination on the immune response to Ebola Virus Disease vaccines: A modeling study from PREVAC randomized trial.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Multiple vaccine comparison in the same adults reveals vaccine-specific and age-related humoral response patterns: an open phase IV trial.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Immune response to rotavirus vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: Challenges and perspectives.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Cytomegalovirus Latency Fuels Inflammation Following Myocardial Infarction.Circulation research · 2026Article
- CytoVI: deep generative modeling of antibody-based single cell data.Nature methods · 2026Article
- Drugging the immune system: principles of immunopharmacology.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Article
- Phage-display immunoprecipitation sequencing reveals distinct antibody repertoire patterns across rural and urban populations.iScience · 2026Article
- Single-cell landscape of human liver sinusoidal γδ T cells in the context of latent human cytomegalovirus infection.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Genome-wide association study and predictors of neonatal blood cell traits in Hispanic newborns.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Human vaccine responses regulated by parallel cytokine pathways.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Review
- Deep learning representations of human Immune Health for precision immunology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- CD25 genetic ablation on lymphoid cell lines to obtain models of stimulation through the Interleukin-2 beta/gamma receptor.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Hematological consequences of environmental change during dewilding of rhesus macaques.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Control of naive T cell reactivity and peripheral tolerance by ascorbate and TET activity.Science advances · 2026Article
- Immune development in early life.Nature immunology · 2026Review
548 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
There is considerable heterogeneity in immunological parameters between individuals, but its sources are largely unknown. To assess the relative contribution of heritable versus non-heritable factors, we have performed a systems-level analysis of 210 healthy twins between 8 and 82 years of age. We measured 204 different parameters, including cell population frequencies, cytokine responses, and serum proteins, and found that 77% of these are dominated (>50% of variance) and 58% almost completely determined (>80% of variance) by non-heritable influences. In addition, some of these parameters become more variable with age, suggesting the cumulative influence of environmental exposure. Similarly, the serological responses to seasonal influenza vaccination are also determined largely by non-heritable factors, likely due to repeated exposure to different strains. Lastly, in MZ twins discordant for cytomegalovirus infection, more than half of all parameters are affected. These results highlight the largely reactive and adaptive nature of the immune system in healthy individuals.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.