Trial reportJournal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN2015
Rituximab in Children with Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome: A Multicenter, Open-Label, Noninferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial.
Trial report in Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 129 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Ofatumumab in Children With Steroid- and Calcineurin-inhibitor-resistant Nephrotic Syndrome: a Double-blind Randomized, Controlled, Superiority Trial
Ofatumumab Versus Rituximab in Children With Steroid and Calcineurin Inhibitor-dependent Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: an Open-label, Randomized, Controlled, Superiority Trial.
The Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in the Treatment of Hereditary Kidney Disease With Proteinuria in Children: a Prospective, Randomized Crossover Trial
Who cites it
129 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 198 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rituximab in pediatric refractory nephrotic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating therapeutic efficacy and adverse event profiles.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Pooled it
- Non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Immunosuppressive agents for frequently relapsing/steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Rituximab May Have Positive Effect on Refractory Nephrotic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Pediatric idiopathic steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: diagnosis and therapy -short version of the updated German best practice guideline (S2e) - AWMF register no. 166-001, 6/2020.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2021Guideline
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Rituximab for Steroid-Dependent or Frequently Relapsing Nephrotic Syndrome in Children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- The efficacy of rituximab in the treatment of refractory nephrotic syndrome: a meta-analysis.International urology and nephrology · 2020Pooled it
- Non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Safety and Efficacy of Rituximab in Treating Immune-Mediated Disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Pooled it
- Steroid-sparing drugs in children and young adults with nephrotic syndrome: a target trial emulation.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2026Trial
- The efficacy and safety of rituximab monotherapy in the new onset pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial.Renal failure · 2025Trial
- Rituximab-induced long-term remission in childhood-onset, uncomplicated, frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial and a follow-up study.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Efficacy of rituximab versus tacrolimus in difficult-to-treat steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: an open-label pilot randomized controlled trial.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2022Trial
- Vaccines and Disease Relapses in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2021Trial
- CyTOF-Enabled Analysis Identifies Class-Switched B Cells as the Main Lymphocyte Subset Associated With Disease Relapse in Children With Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Rituximab for very low dose steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in children: a randomized controlled study.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2020Trial
- Low-dose ofatumumab for multidrug-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2020Trial
- Efficacy of Rituximab vs Tacrolimus in Pediatric Corticosteroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA pediatrics · 2018Trial
- Short courses of daily prednisolone during upper respiratory tract infections reduce relapse frequency in childhood nephrotic syndrome.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2017Trial
- Trial
69 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 10 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) carries a high risk of toxicity from steroids or steroid-sparing agents. This open-label, noninferiority, randomized controlled trial at four sites in Italy tested whether rituximab is noninferior to steroids in maintaining remission in juvenile SDNS. We enrolled children age 1-16 years who had developed SDNS in the previous 6-12 months and were maintained in remission with high prednisone doses (≥0.7 mg/kg per day). We randomly assigned participants to continue prednisone alone for 1 month (control) or to add a single intravenous infusion of rituximab (375 mg/m(2); intervention). Prednisone was tapered in both groups after 1 month. For noninferiority, rituximab had to permit steroid withdrawal and maintain 3-month proteinuria (mg/m(2) per day) within a prespecified noninferiority margin of three times the levels among controls (primary outcome). We followed participants for ≥1 year to compare risk of relapse (secondary outcome). Fifteen children per group (21 boys; mean age, 7 years [range, 2.6-13.5 years]) were enrolled and followed for ≤60 months (median, 22 months). Three-month proteinuria was 42% lower in the rituximab group (geometric mean ratio, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.18 to 1.95 [i.e., within the noninferiority margin of three times the levels in controls]). All but one child in the control group relapsed within 6 months; median time to relapse in the rituximab group was 18 months (95% confidence interval, 9 to 32 months). In the rituximab group, nausea and skin rash during infusion were common; transient acute arthritis occurred in one child. In conclusion, rituximab was noninferior to steroids for the treatment of juvenile SDNS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.