Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25591945›Full record

ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2015

Barriers and facilitators related to use of prenatal care by inner-city women: perceptions of health care providers.

Maureen I Heaman, Wendy Sword, Lawrence Elliott, Michael Moffatt, Michael E Helewa, Heather Morris, Patricia Gregory, Lynda Tjaden, Catherine Cook

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
62citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
8.9field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 138 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Trial
  4. Article
  5. Patients as Partners in Perinatal Health Research: A Scoping Review.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Community-Level Internet Connectivity and Utilization of Maternal Telehealth.Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association · 2025
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
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  18. Article
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2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.

Maureen I HeamanCollege of Nursing Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 89 Curry Place, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada. Maureen.Heaman@umanitoba.ca.
Wendy SwordSchool of Nursing and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada. sword@mcmaster.ca.
Lawrence ElliottDepartment of Community Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada. Lawrence.Elliott@med.umanitoba.ca.
Michael MoffattDepartment of Community Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada. mmoffatt@exchange.hsc.mb.ca.
Michael E HelewaDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0L8, Canada. MHELEWA@sbgh.mb.ca.
Heather MorrisFaculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T5G 1C9, Canada. hmmorris@ualberta.ca.
Patricia GregoryDepartment of Nursing, Red River College, Winnipeg, MB, R3H 0J9, Canada. pgregory@rrc.ca.
Lynda TjadenPublic Health, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Winnipeg, MB, R3A 0X7, Canada. ltjaden@wrha.mb.ca.
Catherine CookPopulation and Aboriginal Health, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 1E2, Canada. ccook@wrha.mb.ca.
University of Manitoba · CAWinnipeg Regional Health Authority · CAMcMaster University · CARed River College · CAUniversity of Alberta · CA

Funding

Canadian Institutes of Health Research 159467
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSocioeconomic disparities in the use of prenatal care (PNC) exist even where care is universally available and publicly funded. Few studies have sought the perspectives of health care providers to understand and address this problem. The purpose of this study was to elicit the experiential knowledge of PNC providers in inner-city Winnipeg, Canada regarding their perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to PNC for the clients they serve and their suggestions on how PNC services might be improved to reduce disparities in utilization.

methodsA descriptive exploratory qualitative design was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 health care providers serving women in inner-city neighborhoods with high rates of inadequate PNC. Content analysis was used to code the interviews based on broad categories (barriers, facilitators, suggestions). Emerging themes and subthemes were then developed and revised through the use of comparative analysis.

resultsMany of the barriers identified related to personal challenges faced by inner-city women (e.g., child care, transportation, addictions, lack of support). Other barriers related to aspects of service provision: caregiver qualities (lack of time, negative behaviors), health system barriers (shortage of providers), and program/service characteristics (distance, long waits, short visits). Suggestions to improve care mirrored the facilitators identified and included ideas to make PNC more accessible and convenient, and more responsive to the complex needs of this population.

conclusionsThe broad scope of our findings reflects a socio-ecological approach to understanding the many determinants that influence whether or not inner-city women use PNC services. A shift to community-based PNC supported by a multidisciplinary team and expanded midwifery services has potential to address many of the barriers identified in our study.

Indexed as

Attitude of Health PersonnelHealthcare DisparitiesUrban PopulationCanadaCulturally Competent CareFamily PracticeFemaleHealth Services AccessibilityHumansMaleMidwiferyNurse PractitionersObstetric NursingObstetricsPregnancyPrenatal Care

Identifiers

PMID25591945
PMCPMC4302607
OpenAlexW2018092151

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.