Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25590678›Full record

ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2015

Updated estimates of neural tube defects prevented by mandatory folic Acid fortification - United States, 1995-2011.

Jennifer Williams, Cara T Mai, Joe Mulinare, Jennifer Isenburg, Timothy J Flood, Mary Ethen, Barbara Frohnert, Russell S Kirby, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Registry-linked trialOpen access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC
In one paragraph

Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05935631 (Feasibility, Acceptability and Directional Signal Effect on Blood Folate Levels of Iodized Salt Fortified With Folic Acid), which is not on this map. Cited by 224 papers, 13 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
224citing papers in PubMed, 13 pooled it
40.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05935631 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Feasibility, Acceptability and Directional Signal Effect on Blood Folate Levels of Iodized Salt Fortified With Folic Acid: Clinical Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamRan2023 to 2023Enrolled32ConditionsNeural Tube Defects, Folic Acid Deficiency, FortificationArmsSalt with folic acid and iodine
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

224 citing papers in PubMed, 13 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 447 citations in OpenAlex.

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164 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jennifer Williams
Cara T Mai
Joe Mulinare
Jennifer Isenburg
Timothy J Flood
Mary Ethen
Barbara Frohnert
Russell S Kirby
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In 1992, the U.S. Public Health Service recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg of folic acid daily to prevent neural tube defects (NTDs). NTDs are major birth defects of the brain and spine that occur early in pregnancy as a result of improper closure of the embryonic neural tube, which can lead to death or varying degrees of disability. The two most common NTDs are anencephaly and spina bifida. Beginning in 1998, the United States mandated fortification of enriched cereal grain products with 140 µg of folic acid per 100 g. Immediately after mandatory fortification, the birth prevalence of NTD cases declined. Fortification was estimated to avert approximately 1,000 NTD-affected pregnancies annually. To provide updated estimates of the birth prevalence of NTDs in the period after introduction of mandatory folic acid fortification (i.e., the post-fortification period), data from 19 population-based birth defects surveillance programs in the United States, covering the years 1999-2011, were examined. After the initial decrease, NTD birth prevalence during the post-fortification period has remained relatively stable. The number of births occurring annually without NTDs that would otherwise have been affected is approximately 1,326 (95% confidence interval = 1,122-1,531). Mandatory folic acid fortification remains an effective public health intervention. There remain opportunities for prevention among women with lower folic acid intakes, especially among Hispanic women, to further reduce the prevalence of NTDs in the United States.

Indexed as

Food, FortifiedHealth PolicyPopulation SurveillanceAnencephalyBlack or African AmericanFemaleFolic AcidHispanic or LatinoHumansInfant, NewbornPregnancySpinal DysraphismUnited StatesWhite PeopleFolic Acid

Identifiers

PMID25590678
PMCPMC4584791
OpenAlexW2767306601

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.