ArticlePloS one2015
Macrophage activation in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 209 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prognosis of Lung Transplantation in Patients with Acute Exacerbations of Interstitial Lung Disease: A Meta-Analysis Based on Cohort Studies.Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia · 2024Pooled it
- Prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis without anti-fibrotic therapy: a systematic review.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2020Pooled it
- Inflammasomes in respiratory diseases: from disease pathogenesis to drug development and use of multi-omics.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Acute exacerbation in fibrotic interstitial lung disease: an international working group report.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2026Review
- Hallmarks of the ageing lung: 10 years later.The European respiratory journal · 2026Review
- An agent-based model suggests how senescent cell behavior and matrix mechanics drive pulmonary fibrosis in aged mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Utility of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cellular Composition in the Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: a preliminary study.Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi · 2026Article
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors, Genetics, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Microbiome-innate immune crosstalk in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an amplification framework.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Prognostic biomarkers for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: findings from ISABELA clinical trials.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Kangxianhuanji formula and its component rutin ameliorate acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by targeting GLUT1 to suppress HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Unveiling CCL2 and CXCL1: Key biomarkers and therapeutic targets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG · 2025Article
- Variable steady inflammation and inflammatory responses in precision-cut lung slices from various IPF lung Regions.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Revisiting pulmonary fibrosis: inflammatory dynamics of the lipofibroblast-to-inflammatory lipofibroblast-to-activated myofibroblast reversible switch.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Current advancements in the mechanisms and animal models of acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Review
- Toxicogenomic assessment of in vitro macrophages exposed to profibrotic challenge reveals a sustained transcriptomic immune signature.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Novel Immune Perturbations in Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2024Article
- Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis a narrative review primary focus on treatments.Journal of thoracic disease · 2024Review
- Review
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAcute exacerbation (AE) of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a common cause of disease acceleration in IPF and has a major impact on mortality. The role of macrophage activation in AE of IPF has never been addressed before.
methodsWe evaluated BAL cell cytokine profiles and BAL differential cell counts in 71 IPF patients w/wo AE and in 20 healthy volunteers. Twelve patients suffered from AE at initial diagnosis while sixteen patients developed AE in the 24 months of follow-up. The levels of IL-1ra, CCL2, CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL1 and IL-8 spontaneously produced by BAL-cells were analysed by ELISA.
resultsIn patients with AE, the percentage of BAL neutrophils was significantly increased compared to stable patients. We found an increase in the production rate of the pro-inflammatory cytokines CXCL1 and IL-8 combined with an increase in all tested M2 cytokines by BAL-cells. An increase in CCL18 levels and neutrophil counts during AE was observed in BAL cells from patients from whom serial lavages were obtained. Furthermore, high baseline levels of CCL18 production by BAL cells were significantly predictive for the development of future AE.
conclusionsBAL cell cytokine production levels at acute exacerbation show up-regulation of pro-inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory/ M2 cytokines. Our data suggest that AE in IPF is not an incidental event but rather driven by cellular mechanisms including M2 macrophage activation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.