ArticleJournal of visualized experiments : JoVE2014
Focus formation: a cell-based assay to determine the oncogenic potential of a gene.
Article in Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sulindac sulfide suppresses oncogenic transformation through let-7b-mediated repression of K-Ras signaling.Cell death discovery · 2025Article
- Functional Analysis of Rare RAS Variants of Unknown Significance.Cancer research communications · 2025Article
- Antiviral Activity of Brazilian Propolis from Stingless Bees Against Rotavirus.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Non-genotoxic carcinogens (TPA and mezerein) activate tumourous transformation through miR let-7-mediated Hmga2 expression in Bhas42 cells.Environmental epigenetics · 2025Article
- Atypical cellular responses mediated by intracellular constitutive active TrkB (NTRK2) kinase domains and a solely intracellular NTRK2-fusion oncogene.Cancer gene therapy · 2024Article
- PRMT5-mediated methylation of STAT3 is required for lung cancer stem cell maintenance and tumour growth.Communications biology · 2024Article
- ALK F1174S mutation impairs ALK kinase activity in EML4-ALK variant 1 and sensitizes EML4-ALK variant 3 to crizotinib.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- HER2 G776S mutation promotes oncogenic potential in colorectal cancer cells when accompanied by loss of APC function.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Antiviral drug research for Japanese encephalitis: an updated review.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2022Review
- Comprehensive functional evaluation of variants of fibroblast growth factor receptor genes in cancer.NPJ precision oncology · 2021Article
- Targeting K-Ras and apoptosis-driven cellular transformation in cancer.Cell death discovery · 2021Review
- An unanticipated tumor-suppressive role of the SUMO pathway in the intestine unveiled by Ubc9 haploinsufficiency.Oncogene · 2020Article
- Article
- Article
- Pathways to disease from natural variations in human cytoplasmic tRNAs.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2019Review
- CD63 Regulates Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 Exosomal Packaging, Enhancement of Vesicle Production, and Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling.Journal of virology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Malignant transformation of cells is typically associated with increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition, acquisition of anchorage-independent growth potential, and the ability to form tumors in experimental animals(1). In NIH 3T3 cells, the Ras signal transduction pathway is known to trigger many of these events, what is known as Ras transformation. The introduction of an overexpressed gene in NIH 3T3 cells may promote morphological transformation and loss of contact inhibition, which can help determine the oncogenic potential of that gene of interest. An assay that provides a straightforward method to assess one aspect of the transforming potential of an oncogene is the Focus Formation Assay (FFA)(2). When NIH 3T3 cells divide normally in culture, they do so until they reach a confluent monolayer. However, in the presence of an overexpressed oncogene, these cells can begin to grow in dense, multilayered foci(1) that can be visualized and quantified by crystal violet or Hema 3 staining. In this article we describe the FFA protocol with retroviral transduction of the gene of interest into NIH 3T3 cells, and how to quantify the number of foci through staining. Retroviral transduction offers a more efficient method of gene delivery than transfection, and the use of an ecotropic murine retrovirus provides a biosafety control when working with potential human oncogenes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.