ArticleSpine2015
Implant materials generate different peri-implant inflammatory factors: poly-ether-ether-ketone promotes fibrosis and microtextured titanium promotes osteogenic factors.
Article in Spine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 155 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of 3D-printed artificial vertebral bodies for spinal tumor resection and reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical and radiological outcomes of titanium cage versus polyetheretherketone cage in lumbar interbody fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurosurgical review · 2025Pooled it
- Comparison between Three-Dimensional Printed Titanium and PEEK Cages for Cervical and Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Prospective Controlled Trial.Orthopaedic surgery · 2023Trial
- Rational design of immunological programs for functional regenerative niches.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Improving stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for better tendon and tendon-to-bone junction regeneration: strategies and future directions.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
- Network Toxicology and Molecular Docking Analysis of Targets and Potential Mechanisms of PEEK-Induced Bone Resorption.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- 3D-printed porous titanium versus PEEK interbody cages in lumbar fusion: biomechanical rationale, clinical evidence, and emerging indications.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Titanium-Aluminum-Vanadium Surfaces Generated Using Sequential Nanosecond and Femtosecond Laser Etching Provide Osteogenic Nanotopography on Additively Manufactured Implants.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Comparison of osseointegration in 3D-printed hexanium titanium cages and PEEK cervical cages: In-vivo ovine cervical fusion model.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2025Article
- Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Generate a Pro-Healing Inflammasome When Cultured on Titanium-Aluminum-Vanadium Surfaces with Microscale/Nanoscale Structural Features.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Evaluation of osseointegration of plasma treated polyaryletherketone maxillofacial implants.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Optimization of PETG 3D printing parameters for the design and development of biocompatible bone implants.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Clinical Application of 3D-Printed Artificial Vertebral Body (3DP AVB): A Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Comparing the Immune Response to PEEK as an Implant Material with and without P-15 Peptide as Bone Graft Material in a Rabbit Long Bone Model.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Subsidence Rates Associated With Porous 3D-Printed Versus Solid Titanium Cages in Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion.Global spine journal · 2024Article
- Innovative Developments in Lumbar Interbody Cage Materials and Design: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.Asian spine journal · 2024Article
- Interim 1-Year Radiographic and Clinical Outcomes Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Using Hydroxyapatite-Infused Polyetheretherketone Interbody Cages.International journal of spine surgery · 2024Article
- Moderate sagittal plane deformity patients have similar radiographic and functional outcomes with either anterior or posterior surgery.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2024Article
- A Comprehensive Review of the Historical Description of Spine Surgery and Its Evolution.Cureus · 2024Review
- Surface Topography of PLA Implants Defines the Outcome of Foreign Body Reaction: An In Vivo Study.Polymers · 2023Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
designAn in vitro study examining factors produced by human mesenchymal stem cells on spine implant materials.
objectiveThe aim of this study was to examine whether the inflammatory microenvironment generated by cells on titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-alloy, TiAlV) surfaces is affected by surface microtexture and whether it differs from that generated on poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Histologically, implants fabricated from PEEK have a fibrous connective tissue surface interface whereas Ti-alloy implants demonstrate close approximation with surrounding bone. Ti-alloy surfaces with complex micron/submicron scale roughness promote osteoblastic differentiation and foster a specific cellular environment that favors bone formation whereas PEEK favors fibrous tissue formation.
methodsHuman mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on tissue culture polystyrene, PEEK, smooth TiAlV, or macro-/micro-/nano-textured rough TiAlV (mmnTiAlV) disks. Osteoblastic differentiation and secreted inflammatory interleukins were assessed after 7 days. Fold changes in mRNAs for inflammation, necrosis, DNA damage, or apoptosis with respect to tissue culture polystyrene were measured by low-density polymerase chain reaction array. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni's correction of Student's t-test.
resultsCells on PEEK upregulated mRNAs for chemokine ligand-2, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6, IL8, and tumor necrosis factor. Cells grown on the mmnTiAlV had an 8-fold reduction in mRNAs for toll-like receptor-4. Cells grown on mmnTiAlV had reduced levels of proinflammatory interleukins. Cells on PEEK had higher mRNAs for factors strongly associated with cell death/apoptosis, whereas cells on mmnTiAlV exhibited reduced cytokine factor levels. All results were significant (P < 0.05).
conclusionThese results suggest that fibrous tissue around PEEK implants may be due to several factors: reduced osteoblastic differentiation of progenitor cells and production of an inflammatory environment that favors cell death via apoptosis and necrosis. Ti alloy surfaces with complex macro/micro/nanoscale roughness promote osteoblastic differentiation and foster a specific cellular environment that favors bone formation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.