ArticleJACC. Cardiovascular imaging2015
Splenic metabolic activity predicts risk of future cardiovascular events: demonstration of a cardiosplenic axis in humans.
Article in JACC. Cardiovascular imaging, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06429293 (Impact of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Neural, Inflammatory, & Autonomic Markers in a Sample With PTSD and Cardiovascular Risk), which is not on this map. Cited by 165 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Impact of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Neural, Inflammatory, & Autonomic Markers in a Sample With PTSD and Cardiovascular Risk: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
165 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 251 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrative functional analysis of super enhancer SNPs for coronary artery disease.Journal of human genetics · 2018Pooled it
- Bone marrow activation in response to metabolic syndrome and early atherosclerosis.European heart journal · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Coronary Plaque Morphology and the Anti-Inflammatory Impact of Atorvastatin: A Multicenter 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomographic/Computed Tomographic Study.Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging · 2016Trial
- Disruption of the brain-spleen axis impairs monocyte-microglia communication and accelerates disease progression in a mouse model of amyloidosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- [EJNMMI research · 2026Article
- The spleen-heart crosstalk in cardiovascular disease: integrating neural, immune, and secretory pathways.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- Article
- The neuroimmune axis in cardiovascular disease: from immune activation to inflammatory resolution.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Association between chronic stress-related amygdala metabolic activity and distant metastasis in colorectal cancer.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Trained Immunity and Cardiovascular Risk: An Immunological Perspective.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Enhanced vascular inflammation in patients with advanced prostate cancer receiving hormone therapy.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2025Article
- Renal denervation attenuates cardiac inflammatory responses via the afferent renal-splenic nerve axis after myocardial ischemic injury.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Age modulates the link between stress-related neural activity and mortality.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Immune dysregulation as a key driver of peripartum cardiomyopathy - an exploratory advanced imaging and biomarker study.European journal of heart failure · 2025Article
- Immunometabolism in heart failure.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2025Review
- Defective IgG Class Switching in the Spleen of TRAF5-Deficient Mice Reveals a Role for TRAF5 in CD40-Mediated B Cell Responses During Obesity-Associated Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Bone Marrow, and Visceral Fat Metabolism as Predictors of Future Cardiovascular Disease in an Asymptomatic Healthy Population.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis in myocardial infarction.Fundamental research · 2025Article
- The spleen in ischaemic heart disease.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2025Review
105 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThis study sought to determine whether splenic activation after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is linked to leukocyte proinflammatory remodeling and whether splenic activity independently predicts the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events.
backgroundPre-clinical data suggest the existence of a cardiosplenic axis, wherein activation of hematopoietic tissues (notably in the spleen) results in liberation of proinflammatory leukocytes and accelerated atherosclerotic inflammation. However, it is presently unknown whether a cardiosplenic axis exists in humans and whether splenic activation relates to CVD risk.
methods(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed in 508 individuals across 2 studies. In the first study, we performed FDG-PET imaging in 22 patients with recent ACS and 22 control subjects. FDG uptake was measured in spleen and arterial wall, whereas proinflammatory gene expression of circulating leukocytes was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In a second study, we examined the relationship between splenic tissue FDG uptake with subsequent CVD events during follow-up (median 4 years) in 464 patients who previously had undergone FDG-PET imaging.
resultsSplenic activity increased after ACS and was significantly associated with multiple indices of inflammation: 1) up-regulated gene expression of proinflammatory leukocytes; 2) increased C-reactive protein; and 3) increased arterial wall inflammation (FDG uptake). Moreover, in the second study, splenic activity (greater than or equal to the median) was associated with an increased risk of CVD events (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5 to 7.3; p = 0.003), which remained significant after adjustment for CVD risk factors (HR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.01 to 5.06; p = 0.04) and for arterial FDG uptake (HR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.5 to 7.4; p = 0.02).
conclusionsOur findings demonstrate increased splenic metabolic activity after ACS and its association with proinflammatory remodeling of circulating leukocytes. Moreover, we observed that metabolic activity of the spleen independently predicted risk of subsequent CVD events. Collectively, these findings provide evidence of a cardiosplenic axis in humans similar to that shown in pre-clinical studies.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.