ArticleEnvironmental health : a global access science source2015
Butyrylcholinesterase genotype and enzyme activity in relation to Gulf War illness: preliminary evidence of gene-exposure interaction from a case-control study of 1991 Gulf War veterans.
Article in Environmental health : a global access science source, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Detoxification Intervention for Gulf War Illness: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Trial
- Connectivity differences between Gulf War Illness (GWI) phenotypes during a test of attention.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Exercise - induced changes in cerebrospinal fluid miRNAs in Gulf War Illness, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and sedentary control subjects.Scientific reports · 2017Trial
- SOD2 genetics regulating mitochondrial management of oxidative stress is tied to chemical sensitivity in Gulf war veterans.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Persistent enteric neuroinflammation chronically impairs colonic motility in a pyridostigmine bromide-induced mouse model of Gulf War illness.Biology open · 2025Article
- Association of deployment characteristics and exposures with persistent ill health among 1990-1991 Gulf War veterans in the VA Million Veteran Program.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- Gulf war illness: a tale of two genomes.BMC research notes · 2024Article
- PON1 Status in Relation to Gulf War Illness: Evidence of Gene-Exposure Interactions from a Multisite Case-Control Study of 1990-1991 Gulf War Veterans.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Crisis in the gut: navigating gastrointestinal challenges in Gulf War Illness with bioengineering.Military Medical Research · 2024Review
- Susceptibility to radiation adverse effects in veterans with Gulf War illness and healthy civilians.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Million Veteran Program 1990-1991 Gulf War Era Survey: An Evaluation of Veteran Response, Characteristics, and Representativeness of the Gulf War Era Veteran Population.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Mitochondrial impairment but not peripheral inflammation predicts greater Gulf War illness severity.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Genetic association between the APOE ε4 allele, toxicant exposures and Gulf war illness diagnosis.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2023Article
- Exercise-induced changes in gene expression do not mediate post exertional malaise in Gulf War illness.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2023Article
- Bioenergetic function is decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of veterans with Gulf War Illness.PloS one · 2023Observational
- Evaluation of a Gene-Environment Interaction ofEnvironmental health perspectives · 2022Article
- Gene-Toxicant Interactions in Gulf War Illness: Differential Effects of theBrain sciences · 2021Article
- Associations of Immune Genetic Variability with Gulf War Illness in 1990-1991 Gulf War Veterans from the Gulf War Illness Consortium (GWIC) Multisite Case-Control Study.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Grappling with Gulf War Illness: Perspectives of Gulf War Providers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Genome-wide transcriptome architecture in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEpidemiologic studies have implicated wartime exposures to acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibiting chemicals as etiologic factors in Gulf War illness (GWI), the multisymptom condition linked to military service in the 1991 Gulf War. It is unclear, however, why some veterans developed GWI while others with similar exposures did not. Genetic variants of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) differ in their capacity for metabolizing AChE-inhibiting chemicals, and may confer differences in biological responses to these compounds. The current study assessed BChE enzyme activity and BChE genotype in 1991 Gulf War veterans to evaluate possible association of this enzyme with GWI.
methodsThis case-control study evaluated a population-based sample of 304 Gulf War veterans (144 GWI cases, meeting Kansas GWI criteria, and 160 controls). BChE enzyme activity levels and genotype were compared, overall, in GWI cases and controls. Potential differences in risk associated with cholinergic-related exposures in theater were explored using stratified analyses to compare associations between GWI and exposures in BChE genetic and enzyme activity subgroups.
resultsOverall, GWI cases and controls did not differ by mean BChE enzyme activity level or by BChE genotype. However, for the subgroup of Gulf War veterans with less common, generally less active, BChE genotypes (K/K, U/AK, U/A, A/F, AK/F), the association of wartime use of pyridostigmine bromide (PB) with GWI (OR=40.00, p=0.0005) was significantly greater than for veterans with the more common U/U and U/K genotypes (OR=2.68, p=0.0001).
conclusionsStudy results provide preliminary evidence that military personnel with certain BChE genotypes who used PB during the 1991 Gulf War may have been at particularly high risk for developing GWI. Genetic differences in response to wartime exposures are potentially important factors in GWI etiology and should be further evaluated in conjunction with exposure effects.
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