ArticleParasites & vectors2015
Hemozoin activates the innate immune system and reduces Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles gambiae.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Heme and immunity: The heme oxygenase dichotomy.Journal of inorganic biochemistry · 2025Review
- Correction to "Immune Response and Evasion Mechanisms ofJournal of immunology research · 2025Article
- Recent trends in insect gut immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Establishment and a comparative transcriptomic analysis of a male-specific cell line from the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Protozoan co-infections and parasite influence on the efficacy of vaccines against bacterial and viral pathogens.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Renal detection of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi in malaria associated acute kidney injury: a retrospective case-control study.BMC research notes · 2020Article
- Highly Sensitive and Rapid Characterization of the Development of Synchronized Blood Stage Malaria Parasites Via Magneto-Optical Hemozoin Quantification.Biomolecules · 2019Article
- Modulation of transmission success of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes (sexual stages) in various species of Anopheles by erythrocytic asexual stage parasites.Acta tropica · 2017Article
- Role of NF-kβ factor Rel2 during Plasmodium falciparum and bacterial infection in Anopheles dirus.Parasites & vectors · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMalaria is a worldwide infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. The malaria vector mosquito Anopheles can trigger effective mechanisms to control completion of the Plasmodium lifecycle; the mosquito immune response to the parasite involves several pathways which are not yet well characterized. Plasmodium metabolite hemozoin has emerged as a potent immunostimulator of mammalian tissues. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of this parasite's by-product as stimulator of Anopheles gambiae immunity to Plasmodium berghei.
methodsFemale mosquitoes were inoculated with hemozoin and the Plasmodium infection rate and intensity were measured. Differences between treatments were detected by Zero-inflated models. Microarray transcription analysis was performed to assess gene expression response to hemozoin. Genome-wide analysis results were confirmed by stimulation of Anopheles gambiae tissues and cells with hemozoin and silencing of REL2-F and its negative regulator Caspar.
resultsGene expression profiles revealed that hemozoin activates several immunity genes, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Importantly, we found that the Immune deficiency (Imd) pathway Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-κB) transcription factor REL2, in its full-length form REL2-F, was induced upon hemozoin treatment.
conclusionsWe have for the first time shown the impact of hemozoin treatment in Plasmodium infection, reducing both rate and intensity of the infection. We propose that hemozoin boosts the innate immunity in Anopheles, activating key effector genes involved in mosquito resistance to Plasmodium, and this activation is REL2-mediated.
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