ReviewTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene2015
Vaccination and heterologous immunity: educating the immune system.
Review in Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Therapeutic Effects of BCG Vaccination on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of diabetes research · 2020Pooled it
- One Health assessment of zoonotic intestinal parasites in humans, dogs, and soil of coastal Cartagena, Colombia.Veterinary world · 2025Article
- Article
- Low-doseFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Why Does the Severity of COVID-19 Differ With Age?: Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying the Age Gradient in Outcome Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2022Review
- Mice with diverse microbial exposure histories as a model for preclinical vaccine testing.Cell host & microbe · 2021Article
- Protective heterologous T cell immunity in COVID-19 induced by the trivalent MMR and Tdap vaccine antigens.Med (New York, N.Y.) · 2021Article
- Vaccination as a preventative measure contributing to immune fitness.NPJ vaccines · 2021Review
- Large-Scale Structure-Based Screening of Potential T Cell Cross-Reactivities Involving Peptide-Targets From BCG Vaccine and SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Cross-Reactive Effects of Vaccines: Heterologous Immunity between Tetanus and Chlamydia.Vaccines · 2020Article
- Trends and health burden of hospitalized acute respiratory infections and impact of Haemophilus influenza immunization in a Tunisian university hospital: a twelve-year study.The Libyan journal of medicine · 2020Observational
- Overcoming immune dysfunction in the elderly: trained immunity as a novel approach.International immunology · 2020Review
- IgG3 collaborates with IgG1 and IgA to recruit effector function in RV144 vaccinees.JCI insight · 2020Article
- Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: Trying to untangle facts from fictions.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2020Review
- Article
- Pre-existing heterologous T-cell immunity and neoantigen immunogenicity.Clinical & translational immunology · 2020Review
- Predicting Cross-Reactivity and Antigen Specificity of T Cell Receptors.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Imprinting and Editing of the Human CD4 T Cell Response to Influenza Virus.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Factors Affecting the Tissue Damaging Consequences of Viral Infections.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Review
- Vaccinations and Infections Are Associated With Unrelated Antibody Titers: An Analysis From the German Birth Cohort Study LISA.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This review discusses three inter-related topics: (1) the immaturity of the neonatal and infant immune response; (2) heterologous immunity, where prior infection history with unrelated pathogens alters disease outcome resulting in either enhanced protective immunity or increased immunopathology to new infections, and (3) epidemiological human vaccine studies that demonstrate vaccines can have beneficial or detrimental effects on subsequent unrelated infections. The results from the epidemiological and heterologous immunity studies suggest that the immune system has tremendous plasticity and that each new infection or vaccine that an individual is exposed to during a lifetime will potentially alter the dynamics of their immune system. It also suggests that each new infection or vaccine that an infant receives is not only perturbing the immune system but is educating the immune system and laying down the foundation for all subsequent responses. This leads to the question, is there an optimum way to educate the immune system? Should this be taken into consideration in our vaccination protocols?
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.