Observational studyThorax2015
Grandmother's smoking when pregnant with the mother and asthma in the grandchild: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.
Observational study in Thorax, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transgenerational consequences of grandparents' smoking on grandchildren's development: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Childhood Environmental Exposures and Adult Disease.Pediatric pulmonology · 2026Review
- Understanding recurrent wheezing: A parent's guide.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Echoes of smoke: unwinding multigenerational asthma risk through longitudinal cohorts.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- PBDE Flame Retardant Exposure Causes Neurobehavioral and Transcriptional Effects in First-Generation but Not Second-Generation Offspring Fish.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Smoke signals in the genome: Epigenetic consequences of parental tobacco exposure (Review).Biomedical reports · 2025Review
- Social determinants of respiratory health from birth: still of concern in the 21st century?European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2024Review
- Lung Disease and Social Justice: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease as a Manifestation of Structural Violence.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2024Article
- A history of asthma may be associated with grandparents' exposures to stress and cigarette smoking.Frontiers in toxicology · 2023Article
- Transgenerational inheritance and its modulation by environmental cues.Current topics in developmental biology · 2023Article
- The role of epigenetics in multi-generational transmission of asthma: An NIAID workshop report-based narrative review.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2022Review
- Perinatal Exposure to Nicotine Alters Sperm RNA Profiles in Rats.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- The Exposome Approach in Allergies and Lung Diseases: Is It Time to Define a Preconception Exposome?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Association of grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy with DNA methylation of grandchildren: the Isle of Wight study.Epigenomics · 2021Article
- Association Between Periconceptional Weight of Maternal Grandmothers and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Grandchildren.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Exploring the evidence for epigenetic regulation of environmental influences on child health across generations.Communications biology · 2021Review
- Tobacco and Nervous System Development and Function-New Findings 2015-2020.Brain sciences · 2021Review
- Epigenetic Alterations of Maternal Tobacco Smoking during Pregnancy: A Narrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- The Effect of Residential Environment on Respiratory Diseases and Pulmonary Function in Children from a Community in Jilin Province of China.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2021Article
- Unfriendly Fire: How the Tobacco Industry is Destroying the Future of Our Children.Acta medica Lituanic · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA trans-generational influence of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure on asthma development has been proposed but the evidence remains sparse.
methodsWe examined the grandmother's smoking when pregnant with the mother in relation to asthma outcomes in the grandchild (current asthma at 36 months (N=53 169, cases=3013), current asthma at 7 years (N=25 394, cases=1265) and dispensed asthma medications at 7 years in the Norwegian Prescription Database (N=45 607, cases=1787)) within the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). We calculated adjusted RR (adj. RR) and 95% CIs using log binomial regression.
resultsA total of 23.5% of mothers reported that their mother smoked when pregnant with them. The grandmother's smoking when pregnant with the mother was positively associated with asthma at 36 months (adj. RR 1.15 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.24)), asthma at 7 years (adj. RR 1.21 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.37)) and dispensed asthma medications at 7 years (adj. RR 1.15 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.26)). This positive association did not differ significantly by the mother's smoking status when pregnant with the child (p values for multiplicative interaction >0.1).
conclusionsThe grandmother's smoking when pregnant with the mother increased the risk of asthma in the grandchild independent of the mother's smoking status. However, given limited information on the grandmother's socioeconomic status, asthma status and other factors, unmeasured confounding may be present.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.