ArticlePLoS pathogens2015
Different infectivity of HIV-1 strains is linked to number of envelope trimers required for entry.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV Genome-Wide Protein Associations: a Review of 30 Years of Research.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2016Pooled it
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- Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins in cancer and virus biology: a membrane perspective.mBio · 2026Review
- Immunomagnetic Sample Preparation Targeting Host- and Viral-Derived Antigens for HIV-1 Isolation from Limited Plasma Volumes.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Natural variations at the E433 site in Env-gp120 β20-β21 cooperate with V2 and gp41 mutations to modulate HIV-1 infectivity.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Characterization of full-length and cytoplasmic tail-truncated envelope glycoproteins incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) virions and virus-like particles.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Single-molecule localisation microscopy approaches reveal envelope glycoprotein clusters in single-enveloped viruses: a potential functional role?Biochemical Society transactions · 2025Review
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- Capture of fusion-intermediate conformations of SARS-CoV-2 spike requires receptor binding and cleavage at either the S1/S2 or S2' site.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Designing an optimized theta-defensin peptide for HIV therapy using in-silico approaches.Journal of integrative bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Rare twin cysteine residues in the HIV-1 envelope variable region 1 link to neutralization escape and breadth development.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Assessing bnAb potency in the context of HIV-1 envelope conformational plasticity.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Viral glycoprotein-mediated entry and antibody-mediated immunity in HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Applying Flow Virometry to Study the HIV Envelope Glycoprotein and Differences Across HIV Model Systems.Viruses · 2024Article
- Article
- Second site reversion of HIV-1 envelope protein baseplate mutations maps to the matrix protein.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- IFITM1 and IFITM3 Proteins Inhibit the Infectivity of Progeny HIV-1 without Disrupting Envelope Glycoprotein Clusters.Viruses · 2023Article
- Broadly neutralizing antibody epitopes on HIV-1 particles are exposed after virus interaction with host cells.Journal of virology · 2023Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
HIV-1 enters target cells by virtue of envelope glycoprotein trimers that are incorporated at low density in the viral membrane. How many trimers are required to interact with target cell receptors to mediate virus entry, the HIV entry stoichiometry, still awaits clarification. Here, we provide estimates of the HIV entry stoichiometry utilizing a combined approach of experimental analyses and mathematical modeling. We demonstrate that divergent HIV strains differ in their stoichiometry of entry and require between 1 to 7 trimers, with most strains depending on 2 to 3 trimers to complete infection. Envelope modifications that perturb trimer structure lead to an increase in the entry stoichiometry, as did naturally occurring antibody or entry inhibitor escape mutations. Highlighting the physiological relevance of our findings, a high entry stoichiometry correlated with low virus infectivity and slow virus entry kinetics. The entry stoichiometry therefore directly influences HIV transmission, as trimer number requirements will dictate the infectivity of virus populations and efficacy of neutralizing antibodies. Thereby our results render consideration of stoichiometric concepts relevant for developing antibody-based vaccines and therapeutics against HIV.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.