ArticleVeterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal2014
Role of opioid system in verapamil-induced antinociception in a rat model of orofacial pain.
Article in Veterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of N-acetylcysteine and verapamil in Wistar rats.The Korean journal of pain · 2019Article
- Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of vitamin BVeterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal · 2018Article
- Effects of intra-fourth ventricle injection of crocin on capsaicin-induced orofacial pain in rats.Avicenna journal of phytomedicineArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Calcium, through its various channels involves in local, spinal and supra-spinal transmission of pain. In the present study, we investigated the separate and combined treatment effects of verapamil (a calcium channel blocker), morphine (an opioid agonist) and naloxone (an opioid antagonist) on pain in the orofacial region of rats. Orofacial pain was induced by subcutaneous (SC) injection of formalin (50 µL, 1.5%) into the left upper lip side, and the time durations spent face rubbing with epsilateral forepaw were recorded in three min blocks for a period of 45 min. Formalin induced a biphasic pattern (first phase: 0-3 min; second phase: 15-33 min) of pain. Intraperitoneal (IP) injections of verapamil (2 and 8 mg kg(-1)) and morphine (2 and 4 mg kg(-1)) suppressed orofacial pain. Co-administration of sub-analgesic doses of verapamil (0.5 mg kg(-1)) and morphine (1 mg kg(-1)) produced second phase analgesia. Both phases of formalin-induced pain were suppressed when an analgesic dose (2 mg kg(-1)) of verapamil co-administered with a sub-analgesic dose (1 mg kg(-1)) of morphine. The SC injection of naloxone (2 mg kg(-1)) alone with no effect on pain intensity, prevented the antinociceptive effects induced by morphine (2 mg kg(-1)), but not verapamil (2 mg kg(-1)). The obtained results showed antinociceptive effects for verapamli and morphine on orofacial pain. Co-administrations of verapamil and morphine produced antinociceptive effects. It seems that opioid analgesic system may not have a role in the verapamil-induced antinociception.
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Identifiers
25568692PMC4279656W1676331809What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
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