ArticleEvolutionary applications2009
Principles of ecological immunology.
Article in Evolutionary applications, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of immune challenge on expression of life-history and immune trait expression in sexually reproducing metazoans-a meta-analysis.BMC biology · 2020Pooled it
- The evolution of the immune system of bees is defined by conservation, expansions, and losses.BMC biology · 2026Article
- Host-associated beneficial gut microbiota boosts induced immunity and limits immune deployment costs in bumblebees.The Journal of animal ecology · 2026Article
- Pathogen-induced damage in Drosophila: Uncoupling disease tolerance from resistance.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- STAT Signature Dish: Serving Immunity with a Side of Dietary Control.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Linking Inferred Laboratory-Derived Temperature Stress to the Immunocompetence of WildEcology and evolution · 2025Article
- Inferring the energy cost of resistance to parasitic infection and its link to a trade-off.BMC ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Endocrine and molecular regulation of seasonal avian immune function.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Review
- Balancing brain metabolic states during sickness and recovery sleep.The European journal of neuroscience · 2024Article
- Exploring immune memory traits in the social immunity of a fungus-growing ant.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- The Interplay of TLR-NFκB Signalling Pathway and Functional Immune-Related Enzymes in the Inflammatory Response ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Comparative reservoir competence ofApplied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Correlated evolution of oxidative physiology and MHC-based immunosurveillance in birds.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Global warming-related response after bacterial challenge in Astroides calycularis, a Mediterranean thermophilic coral.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A simulated natural heatwave perturbs bumblebee immunity and resistance to infection.The Journal of animal ecology · 2024Article
- Consequences of microsporidian prior exposure for virus infection outcomes and bumble bee host health.Oecologia · 2023Article
- Programmed and environmental determinants driving neonatal mucosal immune development.Immunity · 2023Review
- Activation of immune defences against parasitoid wasps does not underlie the cost of infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Investigating the influence of diet diversity on infection outcomes in a bumble bee (Frontiers in insect science · 2023Article
- Fish vulnerability to capture by trapping is modulated by individual parasite density.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2022Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Defending self against nonself is a major problem in a world in which individuals are under constant pressure from parasites that gain fitness benefits at a cost to their host. Defences that have evolved are diverse, and range from behavioural adaptations to physiochemical barriers. The immune defence is a final line of protection and is therefore of great importance. Given this importance, variability in immune defence would seem counterintuitive, yet that is what is observed. Ecological immunology attempts to explain this variation by invoking costs and trade-offs, and in turn proposing that the optimal immune defence will vary over environments. Studies in this field have been highly successful in establishing an evolutionary ecology framework around immunology. However, in order enrich our understanding of this area, it is perhaps time to broaden the focus to include parasites as more than simply elicitors of immune responses. In essence, to view immunity as produced by the host, the environment, and the active involvement of parasites.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.