Trial reportClinical and experimental immunology2015
Natural killer cell subsets in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis.
Trial report in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Harnessing Natural Killer Cells: From Neuroimmunology to Novel Therapies for Central Nervous System Diseases.MedComm · 2026Review
- Natural Killer Cells: Dual Regulators and Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Sclerosis Immunopathogenesis.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Review
- Neuroinflammation causes mitral cell dysfunction and olfactory impairment in a multiple sclerosis model.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics for immune profiling of cerebrospinal fluid in neurological diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Severe fatigue is associated with diminished lung function and elevated Galectin-9 levels in early systemic sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Natural killer cells in multiple sclerosis: foe or friends?Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
- Longitudinal analysis of peripheral immune cells in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with anti-CD20 therapy.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Article
- Lingering Effects of Early Institutional Rearing and Cytomegalovirus Infection on the Natural Killer Cell Repertoire of Adopted Adolescents.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of immunology research · 2024Review
- Natural killer (NK) cells in bipolar disorders.Neuroscience applied · 2024Review
- MOGAD patient autoantibodies induce complement, phagocytosis, and cellular cytotoxicity.JCI insight · 2023Article
- CD3Journal of neuroimmunology · 2023Article
- Natural Killer T-like Cells: Immunobiology and Role in Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The immunology of multiple sclerosis.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2022Review
- Stabilization of leukocytes from cerebrospinal fluid for central immunophenotypic evaluation in multicenter clinical trials.Journal of immunological methods · 2022Article
- Article
- Tissue-Dependent Adaptations and Functions of Innate Lymphoid Cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Interaction Between Innate Lymphoid Cells and the Nervous System.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2022Review
- Natural Killer Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: Entering the Stage.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The role of NK and NKT cells in the pathogenesis and improvement of multiple sclerosis following disease-modifying therapies.Health science reports · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Changes in blood natural killer (NK) cells, important players of the immune innate system, have been described in multiple sclerosis (MS). We studied percentages and total cell counts of different effector and regulatory NK cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients and other neurological diseases to gain clearer knowledge of the role of these cells in neuroinflammation. NK cell subsets were assessed by flow cytometry in CSF of 85 consecutive MS patients (33 with active disease and 52 with stable MS), 16 with other inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (IND) and 17 with non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND). MS patients showed a decrease in percentages of different CSF NK subpopulations compared to the NIND group. However, absolute cell counts showed a significant increase of all NK subsets in MS and IND patients, revealing that the decrease in percentages does not reflect a real reduction of these immune cells. Remarkably, MS patients showed a significant increase of regulatory/effector (CD56(bright) /CD56(dim) ) NK ratio compared to IND and NIND groups. In addition, MS activity associated with an expansion of NK T cells. These data show that NK cell subsets do not increase uniformly in all inflammatory neurological disease and suggest strongly that regulatory CD56(bright) and NK T cells may arise in CSF of MS patients as an attempt to counteract the CNS immune activation characteristic of the disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.