GuidelineOptometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry2015
Vision screening for children 36 to <72 months: recommended practices.
Guideline in Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
- Vision and eye health in children 36 to <72 months: proposed data system.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2015Guideline
- Age at diagnosis of strabismus or amblyopia and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Visually Guided Saccades in Amblyopia and Strabismus: The Roles of Sensory Deficits and Nystagmus.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Development of Crowding Distance in Children Is Faster and Later Than Visual Acuity and Better Predicts Reading Performance.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Esotropia Missed During Pre-health Checkup Screening With the Spot Vision Screener: A Case Series.Cureus · 2026Article
- Transitioning to a Flexible, Tiered, Developmentally Informed Same-Day Screening Model for Preschoolers in Low-Resource Settings.Child: care, health and development · 2026Observational
- Exploring Parental Views of Remote Vision Testing in Children.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Severity of Hypermetropia and Astigmatism Among Druze Children From the Golan Heights.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Recommended practices for vision screening in pre-school-age children: A 2025 update.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2025Review
- IMI-2025 Digest.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Percentile Distribution of Habitual-Correction Visual Acuity in a Sample of 1500 Children Aged 5 to 15 Years in Italy.Pediatric reports · 2025Article
- Access to Myopia Care in the United States-A Narrative Review.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Unveiling Visual Acuity in 58,712 Four-Year-Olds: Standardized Assessment Defined Normative Visual Acuity Threshold.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Prevalence of Comprehensive Eye Examination in Preschool Children With Eye Conditions.AJPM focus · 2024Article
- Comparison of the PlusoptiX A16 and vision screener V100.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Article
- Effectiveness of a Recertification Vision Screening Training Module for Preschool Teachers.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2023Article
- Pediatric and School-Age Vision Screening in the United States: Rationale, Components, and Future Directions.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Vision Screening, Vision Disorders, and Impacts of Hyperopia in Young Children: Outcomes of the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) and Vision in Preschoolers - Hyperopia in Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Studies.Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThis article provides recommendations for screening children aged 36 to younger than 72 months for eye and visual system disorders. The recommendations were developed by the National Expert Panel to the National Center for Children's Vision and Eye Health, sponsored by Prevent Blindness, and funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau of the Health Resources and Services Administration, United States Department of Health and Human Services. The recommendations describe both best and acceptable practice standards. Targeted vision disorders for screening are primarily amblyopia, strabismus, significant refractive error, and associated risk factors. The recommended screening tests are intended for use by lay screeners, nurses, and other personnel who screen children in educational, community, public health, or primary health care settings. Characteristics of children who should be examined by an optometrist or ophthalmologist rather than undergo vision screening are also described.
resultsThere are two current best practice vision screening methods for children aged 36 to younger than 72 months: (1) monocular visual acuity testing using single HOTV letters or LEA Symbols surrounded by crowding bars at a 5-ft (1.5 m) test distance, with the child responding by either matching or naming, or (2) instrument-based testing using the Retinomax autorefractor or the SureSight Vision Screener with the Vision in Preschoolers Study data software installed (version 2.24 or 2.25 set to minus cylinder form). Using the Plusoptix Photoscreener is acceptable practice, as is adding stereoacuity testing using the PASS (Preschool Assessment of Stereopsis with a Smile) stereotest as a supplemental procedure to visual acuity testing or autorefraction.
conclusionsThe National Expert Panel recommends that children aged 36 to younger than 72 months be screened annually (best practice) or at least once (accepted minimum standard) using one of the best practice approaches. Technological updates will be maintained at http://nationalcenter.preventblindness.org.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.