Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25562037›Full record

ArticleTremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.)2014

Comparable Botulinum Toxin Outcomes between Primary and Secondary Blepharospasm: A Retrospective Analysis.

Daniel Martinez-Ramirez, Juan C Giugni, Erin Hastings, Aparna Wagle Shukla, Irene A Malaty, Michael S Okun, Ramon L Rodriguez

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
0.4field-weighted citation impact, top 32% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Lesion-Induced Blepharospasm: Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics.Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2025
    Article
  3. Therapy with botulinum neurotoxin for Parkinson's disease.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024
    Review
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Organ Weights inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Treatment of Blepharospasm/Hemifacial Spasm.Current treatment options in neurology · 2017
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Daniel Martinez-RamirezDepartment of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Juan C GiugniDepartment of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Erin HastingsDepartment of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Aparna Wagle ShuklaDepartment of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Irene A MalatyDepartment of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Michael S OkunDepartment of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Ramon L RodriguezDepartment of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
University of Florida · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundBlepharospasm is a focal cranial dystonia, which could be idiopathic in origin or secondary to an underlying disorder that commonly impairs quality of life. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections have become the treatment of choice; however, a less favorable response to BoNT is expected in secondary blepharospasm. No studies have been conducted comparing outcomes between blepharospasm cohorts. We therefore aim to compare BoNT outcomes in primary and secondary blepharospasm subjects.

methodsA retrospective review of 64 blepharospasm subjects receiving BoNT therapy was conducted. Demographics, BoNT treatment schedules, duration of BoNT therapy, and side effects were recorded. Outcome measures were duration of benefit, peak-dose benefit recorded with the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGIS), and related side effects.

resultsNo difference was found between the two cohorts regarding duration of benefit from treatment (primary 9.47 weeks vs. secondary 9.63 weeks, p = 0.88). Perceived peak-dose benefit was more commonly reported as "very much improved" in secondary patients, but this was not significant (p = 0.13). Higher BoNT dosages were required in both groups over time, with a mean increase of 20.5% in primary and 26.5% in secondary blepharospasm. Ptosis (8%) and diplopia (6%) were the most common reported side effects. Mean follow-up in years was similar between groups, 3.6 years for primary vs. 2.4 years for secondary blepharospasm (p = 0.17). DISCUSSION: BoNT injections were effective with comparable benefits seen in both primary and secondary blepharospasm populations. Clinicians should be aware of the similar benefit from BoNT reported in secondary blepharospasm patients. The average duration of benefit in this cohort was comparable with previous reports.

Indexed as

botulinum toxinClinical Global Impressions ScaleCranial dystoniaParkinson'stardive syndromes

Identifiers

PMID25562037
PMCPMC4266684
OpenAlexW2150580864

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.