ArticleNature2015
Broad CTL response is required to clear latent HIV-1 due to dominance of escape mutations.
Article in Nature, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 346 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Arsenic Trioxide on Eliminating HIV-1 Reservoir Combined With cART
Observational Study for the Evaluation of the Role of HIV-1 Tat Protein and Anti-Tat Immune Response in Peripheral Blood HIV Reservoir Dynamics
Who cites it
346 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 496 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Coming of Age of Preclinical Models of MDS.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Long-term effect of temporary ART initiated during primary HIV-1 infection on viral persistence.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Impact of a TLR9 agonist and broadly neutralizing antibodies on HIV-1 persistence: the randomized phase 2a TITAN trial.Nature medicine · 2023Trial
- Longitudinal study reveals HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cell dynamics during long-term antiretroviral therapy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2020Trial
- X4-Tropic Latent HIV-1 Is Enriched in Peripheral Follicular Helper T Cells and Is Correlated with Disease Progression.Journal of virology · 2020Trial
- The Activation State of CD4 T Cells Alters Cellular Peptidase Activities, HIV Antigen Processing, and MHC Class I Presentation in a Sequence-Dependent Manner.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2019Trial
- Recent advances in the construction of humanized animal models and applications in translational medicine.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Ex vivo-expanded allogeneic Vδ2 T cells specifically reduce reservoirs of HIV-1 following latency reversal.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Article
- Vaccination Against Pathogens Targeting Cell-Derived Cryptic Antigens.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- HIV Virion Capturing Liposomes for Therapeutic Vaccination.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The TLR7 agonist vesatolimod does not measurably induce SIV expression in macaques receiving combination antiretroviral therapy initiated during chronic infection.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Transient tissue residency and lymphatic egress define human CD56Nature immunology · 2025Article
- A TCR-mimic bispecific antibody reduces HIV-1 provirus and delays viral rebound in HLA-matched humanized mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- BACH2 promotes seeding and establishment of long-lived HIV-1 reservoir in memory CD4Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- Rapid clearance of inducible HIV-1 proviruses after initiation of antiretroviral therapy.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Impact of the initial administration of an antiretroviral drug with latency reversal properties on the HIV reservoir size.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Immune-mediated strategies to solving the HIV reservoir problem.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- NK cell depletion in bispecific antibody therapy is associated with lack of HIV control after ART interruption.Communications biology · 2025Article
- HIV-1 adapts to HLA class II-associated selection pressure exerted by CD4Science advances · 2025Article
286 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 persists in a stable latent reservoir, primarily in resting memory CD4(+) T cells. This reservoir presents a major barrier to the cure of HIV-1 infection. To purge the reservoir, pharmacological reactivation of latent HIV-1 has been proposed and tested both in vitro and in vivo. A key remaining question is whether virus-specific immune mechanisms, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), can clear infected cells in ART-treated patients after latency is reversed. Here we show that there is a striking all or none pattern for CTL escape mutations in HIV-1 Gag epitopes. Unless ART is started early, the vast majority (>98%) of latent viruses carry CTL escape mutations that render infected cells insensitive to CTLs directed at common epitopes. To solve this problem, we identified CTLs that could recognize epitopes from latent HIV-1 that were unmutated in every chronically infected patient tested. Upon stimulation, these CTLs eliminated target cells infected with autologous virus derived from the latent reservoir, both in vitro and in patient-derived humanized mice. The predominance of CTL-resistant viruses in the latent reservoir poses a major challenge to viral eradication. Our results demonstrate that chronically infected patients retain a broad-spectrum viral-specific CTL response and that appropriate boosting of this response may be required for the elimination of the latent reservoir.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.