ArticleDrugs in R&D2015
Pharmaceutical, biological, and clinical properties of botulinum neurotoxin type A products.
Article in Drugs in R&D, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Secondary Treatment Failure and Immunogenicity With Botulinum Neurotoxin A in Multiple Indications.European journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Botulinum Toxin Injection for Medically Refractory Neurogenic Bladder in Children: A Systematic Review.Toxins · 2021Pooled it
- Safety and Patient Satisfaction of AbobotulinumtoxinA for Aesthetic Use: A Systematic Review.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2017Pooled it
- A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Crossover Trial of incobotulinumtoxinA Treatment for Upper Limb Tremor.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Trial
- Aesthetic Improvements Over Time: Long-Term Efficacy and Additional Outcomes of IncobotulinumtoxinA in the Simultaneous Treatment of Upper Facial Lines.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of CKDB-501A in Treating Moderate-To-Severe Glabellar Lines: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Multi-Center Phase III Trial.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Trial
- IncobotulinumtoxinA in the Treatment of Upper Facial Lines: Results From Two Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Studies.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2025Trial
- Immunogenicity of DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection in Glabellar Lines.Aesthetic surgery journal · 2023Trial
- Safety and efficacy of repeat long-term incobotulinumtoxinA treatment for lower limb or combined upper/lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy.Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Assessing adverse effects of intra-articular botulinum toxin A in healthy Beagle dogs: A placebo-controlled, blinded, randomized trial.PloS one · 2018Trial
- IncobotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of lower-limb spasticity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: A phase 3 study.Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicineTrial
- Article
- Topical imiquimod in the management of botulinum toxin-induced upper eyelid ptosis: A case series.JAAD case reports · 2026Article
- Article
- [Botulinum toxin preparations in dermatology : Characterization, comparison, and treatment options].Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- [Botulinumtoxin A in simultaneous combination with lasers and energy-based devices (EBD)].Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- A Refined Injection Strategy for the Upper Third Using Incobotulinum Toxin A to Enhance Facial Harmony and Preserve Natural Expression.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2026Article
- Response by Chirumbolo to "Rare Localized Adverse Reaction to Botulinum Toxin Type A in a Patient Without Allergic History: A Case Report" by Muner et al.Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of IncobotulinumtoxinA for the Simultaneous Treatment of Upper Facial Lines: A GRADE Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum · 2026Review
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin injections are a valuable treatment modality for many therapeutic indications and have revolutionized the field of aesthetic medicine so that they are the leading cosmetic procedure performed worldwide. Studies show that onabotulinumtoxinA, abobotulinumtoxinA, and incobotulinumtoxinA are comparable in terms of clinical efficacy. Differences between the products relate to the botulinum neurotoxin complexes, specific biological potency, and their immunogenicity. Protein complex size and molecular weight have no effect on biological activity, stability, distribution, or side effect profile. Complexing proteins and inactive toxin (toxoid) content increase the risk of neutralizing antibody formation, which can cause secondary treatment failure, particularly in chronic disorders that require frequent injections and long-term treatment. These attributes could lead to differences in therapeutic outcomes, and, given the widespread aesthetic use of these three neurotoxin products, physicians should be aware of how they differ to ensure their safe and effective use.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.