ArticleNutrients2014
Energy balance of triathletes during an ultra-endurance event.
Article in Nutrients, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Effect of Gut-Training and Feeding-Challenge on Markers of Gastrointestinal Status in Response to Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Literature Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Pacing profiles and slowdown patterns in ultra-triathlon performance.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- 24-Hour Ultra-Marathon Running: A Narrative Review of Performance Factors and Physiological Impacts.Sports medicine - open · 2026Review
- Review
- Cycling and Running are More Predictive of Overall Race Finish Time than Swimming in IRONMANSports medicine - open · 2025Article
- The association of origin and environmental conditions with performance in professional IRONMAN triathletes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Ultra-Cycling- Past, Present, Future: A Narrative Review.Sports medicine - open · 2024Review
- Case Report: Differences in self-selected pacing in 20, 40, and 60 ironman-distance triathlons: a case study.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Article
- Association between Different Types of Exercise and Intake of Nutrients including Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein, and B Vitamins in Young Adults.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with glutamine dipeptide attenuates skeletal muscle damage and improves physical exhaustion test performance in triathletes.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Review
- Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and exercise: short-chain fatty acids and their role in metabolism.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2021Review
- The First Lactate Threshold Is a Limit for Heavy Occupational Work.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2020Article
- Self-Selected Pacing During a World Record Attempt in 40 Ironman-Distance Triathlons in 40 Days.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Physiological profile of adult male long-distance trail runners: variations according to competitive level (national or regional).Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2020Article
- Validity of a Food and Fluid Exercise Questionnaire for Macronutrient Intake during Exercise against Observations.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Nutrition in Ultra-Endurance: State of the Art.Nutrients · 2018Review
- Comparison of the Body Composition of Caucasian Young Normal Body Mass Women, Measured in the Follicular Phase, Depending on the Carbohydrate Diet Level.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
unlabelledThe nutritional strategy during an ultra-endurance triathlon (UET) is one of the main concerns of athletes competing in such events. The purpose of this study is to provide a proper characterization of the energy and fluid intake during real competition in male triathletes during a complete UET and to estimate the energy expenditure (EE) and the fluid balance through the race.
methodsEleven triathletes performed a UET. All food and drinks ingested during the race were weighed and recorded in order to assess the energy intake (EI) during the race. The EE was estimated from heart rate (HR) recordings during the race, using the individual HR-oxygen uptake (Vo2) regressions developed from three incremental tests on the 50-m swimming pool, cycle ergometer, and running treadmill. Additionally, body mass (BM), total body water (TBW) and intracellular (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW) were assessed before and after the race using a multifrequency bioimpedance device (BIA).
resultsMean competition time and HR was 755 ± 69 min and 137 ± 6 beats/min, respectively. Mean EI was 3643 ± 1219 kcal and the estimated EE was 11,009 ± 664 kcal. Consequently, athletes showed an energy deficit of 7365 ± 1286 kcal (66.9% ± 11.7%). BM decreased significantly after the race and significant losses of TBW were found. Such losses were more related to a reduction of extracellular fluids than intracellular fluids.
conclusionsOur results confirm the high energy demands of UET races, which are not compensated by nutrient and fluid intake, resulting in a large energy deficit.
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Registered trials
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