ArticleJournal of foot and ankle research2014
Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in Journal of foot and ankle research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06401954 (Effects of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Therapy Combined With Foot Core Training on Dynamic Foot Function in Individuals With Pronated Foot), which is not on this map. Cited by 77 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Therapy Combined With Foot Core Training on Dynamic Foot Function in Individuals With Pronated Foot
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 263 citations in OpenAlex.
- Short-Term Effects of Wearing Commercially and Non-commercially Available Motion Control Footwear Versus Standard Shoes on Running Biomechanics in Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.Sports medicine - open · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The non-invasive evaluation technique of patellofemoral joint stress: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Pooled it
- Biomechanical and Musculoskeletal Measurements as Risk Factors for Running-Related Injury in Non-elite Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies.Sports medicine - open · 2022Pooled it
- Movement Patterns and Muscular Function Before and After Onset of Sports-Related Groin Pain: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2016Pooled it
- Foot-Targeted Rehabilitation for Pronation-Related Anterior Knee Pain: A Two-Phase Case-Control Study and Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of Manual Therapy Versus Neuromuscular Training Each With Augmented Low-Dye Taping.Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy · 2026Trial
- Effects of altering walking foot strike pattern in combination with lower extremity strengthening on lower limb alignment in females with patellofemoral pain: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Talonavicular joint mobilization and foot core strengthening in patellofemoral pain syndrome: a single-blind, three-armed randomized controlled trial.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2022Trial
- The influence of myofascial release on pain and selected indicators of flat foot in adults: a controlled randomized trial.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Associations of foot and ankle characteristics with knee symptoms and function in individuals with patellofemoral osteoarthritis.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Injury risk in runners using standard or motion control shoes: a randomised controlled trial with participant and assessor blinding.British journal of sports medicine · 2016Trial
- Unilateral Balance, Muscular Strength, Foot Arch Status, and Physical Performance in Young Adults with and Without Low Back Pain.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Foot Arch Status and Muscular Strength: Associations with Unilateral Balance and Physical Performance.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Reliability, Validity, and Clinical Interrelationships of Lower-Extremity Screening Measures in College Athletes.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Differences in Plantar Pressure Distribution Between Adults with Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Flexible Flatfeet During Walking and Heel-Strike Running.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Reliability of the Dynamic Foot Index for Observational Assessment of Foot Motion During Gait.Physiotherapy research international : the journal for researchers and clinicians in physical therapy · 2026Article
- A novel design conception of foot orthoses promotes normal walking in patients with pronated feet.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Establishing Normative Values for the Supination Resistance Test: An International Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2026Article
- Correlation of Body Parameters and Age with Foot Arch Index and Stabilometric Variables in Physically Active Young Males and Females.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStatic measures of foot posture are regularly used as part of a clinical examination to determine the need for foot level interventions. This is based on the premise that pronated and supinated foot postures may be risk factors for or associated with lower limb injury. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates foot posture (measured statically) as a potential risk factor for lower limb overuse injuries.
methodsA systematic search was performed using Medline, CINAHL, Embase, SportDiscus in April 2014, to identify prospective cohort studies that investigated foot posture and function as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury. Eligible studies were classified based on the method of foot assessment: (i) static foot posture assessment; and/or (ii) dynamic foot function assessment. This review presents studies evaluating static foot posture. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated by two independent reviewers, using an adapted version of the Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument (EAI). Where possible, effects were expressed as standardised mean differences (SMD) for continuous scaled data, and risk ratios (RR) for nominal scaled data. Meta-analysis was performed where injuries and outcomes were considered homogenous.
resultsTwenty-one studies were included (total n = 6,228; EAI 0.8 to 1.7 out of 2.0). There was strong evidence that a pronated foot posture was a risk factor for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) development and very limited evidence that a pronated foot posture was a risk factor for patellofemoral pain development, although associated effect sizes were small (0.28 to 0.33). No relationship was identified between a pronated foot posture and any other evaluated pathology (i.e. foot/ankle injury, bone stress reactions and non-specific lower limb overuse injury).
conclusionThis systematic review identified strong and very limited evidence of small effect that a pronated foot posture is a risk factor for MTSS and patellofemoral pain respectively. Evaluation of static foot posture should be included in a multifactorial assessment for both MTSS and patellofemoral pain, although only as a part of the potential injury risk profile. Whilst the included measures are clinically applicable, further studies are required to determine their relationship with dynamic foot function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.