ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2015
Pacing strategies during the swim, cycle and run disciplines of sprint, Olympic and half-Ironman triathlons.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Towards Continuous Swim Leg Analytics in Olympic Triathlon: A Systematic Review of Sensor-Based Assessment Approaches in Open-Water Sports Contexts.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Performance, physiology, and determinants of success in IRONMAN® 70.3: A systematic review.PloS one · 2026Pooled it
- Cycling is the most important predictive split discipline in professional Ironman® 70.3 triathletes.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Performance and pacing of professional IRONMAN triathletes: the fastest IRONMAN World Championship ever-IRONMAN Hawaii 2022.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Comparing the Performance Gap Between Males and Females in the Older Age Groups in IRONMAN® 70.3: An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study of More Than 800,000 Race Records.Sports medicine - open · 2023Article
- Changes in pacing variation with increasing race duration in ultra-triathlon races.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- A Machine Learning Approach to Finding the Fastest Race Course for Professional Athletes Competing in IronmanInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- The beginning of success: Performance trends and cut-off values for junior and the U23 triathlon categories.Journal of exercise science and fitness · 2022Article
- Exercise Intensity during Olympic-Distance Triathlon in Well-Trained Age-Group Athletes: An Observational Study.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Cut-Off Values in the Prediction of Success in Olympic Distance Triathlon.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines-Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Running Stride Length And Rate Are Changed And Mechanical Efficiency Is Preserved After Cycling In Middle-Level Triathletes.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Effects of The Performance Level and Race Distance on Pacing in Ultra-Triathlons.Journal of human kinetics · 2019Article
- The Rise of Elite Short-Course Triathlon Re-Emphasises the Necessity to Transition Efficiently from Cycling to Running.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Celebrating 40 Years of Ironman: How the Champions Perform.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- The Combined Effect of Aging and Performance Level on Pacing in Duathlon - the "ITU Powerman Long Distance Duathlon World Championships".Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
- Effect of Different Feedback Modalities on Swimming Pace: Which Feedback Modality is Most Effective?Journal of human kinetics · 2018Article
- Article
- Nation related participation and performance trends in 'Norseman Xtreme Triathlon' from 2006 to 2014.SpringerPlus · 2015Article
- The aspect of experience in ultra-triathlon races.SpringerPlus · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study investigated the influence of distance on self-selected pacing during the swim, cycle and run disciplines of sprint, Olympic and half-Ironman (HIM) distance triathlon races.
methodEight trained male triathletes performed the three individual races in <2 months. Participants' bikes were fitted with Schoberer Rad Meßtechnik to monitor speed, power output and heart rate during the cycle discipline. Global positioning system was worn to determine speed and heart rate during the swim and run disciplines.
resultAn even swim pacing strategy was adopted across all distances. A more stochastic pacing was observed during the HIM cycle [standard deviation of exposure variation analysis (EVASD) = 3.21 ± 0.61] when compared with the sprint cycle discipline (EVASD = 3.84 ± 0.44, p = 0.018). Only 20.9 ± 4.1 % of the cycling time was spent more than 10 % above the mean power output in the HIM, compared with 43.8 ± 2.9 % (p = 0.002) and 37.7 ± 11.1 % (p = 0.039) during the sprint and Olympic distance triathlons, respectively. Conversely, 13.6 ± 5.1 % of the cycling time was spent 5-10 % below the mean power output during the HIM, compared with 5.9 ± 1.2 % (p = 0.034) and 8.0 ± 5.1 % (p = 0.045) during the sprint and Olympic distance triathlons, respectively. A negative pacing strategy was adopted during the sprint distance run, compared with positive pacing strategy during the Olympic and HIM.
conclusionResults of this study suggest that pacing strategies during triathlon are highly influenced by distance and discipline, and highlight the importance of developing pacing strategies based on distance, strengths and individual fitness.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.