ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2015
Fitness level impacts salivary antimicrobial protein responses to a single bout of cycling exercise.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2022Pooled it
- Exercise versus no exercise for the occurrence, severity, and duration of acute respiratory infections.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Reduces the Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection during Winter Training in Vitamin D-Insufficient Taekwondo Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Effects of protein-carbohydrate supplementation on immunity and resistance training outcomes: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.European journal of applied physiology · 2017Trial
- Does Aerobic Capacity Protect Against Stress? Insights From Two Stress-Induction Paradigms.Psychophysiology · 2026Article
- The Variability of the Salivary Antimicrobial Peptide Profile: Impact of Lifestyle.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Exercise sustains the hallmarks of health.Journal of sport and health science · 2023Review
- Changes in stress pathways as a possible mechanism of aerobic exercise training on brain health: a scoping review of existing studies.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- The Effects of Exercise on Acute Immune Responses in Relative Leisure-Deprived People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Pilot Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Salivary immunity of elite collegiate American football players infected with SARS-CoV-2 normalizes following isolation.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Effects of caffeinated beverage ingestion on salivary antimicrobial proteins responses to acute exercise in the heat.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Acute and Chronic Effects of Interval Training on the Immune System: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Biology · 2021Review
- The Impact of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Immunoglobulins and Cytokines in Elderly: Insights From a Critical Review of the Literature.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Salivary antimicrobial proteins and stress biomarkers are elevated during a 6-month mission to the International Space Station.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2020Article
- Validity and reliability evidence of a point of care assessment of salivary cortisol andPeerJ · 2020Article
- Article
- Salivary immunity and lower respiratory tract infections in non-elite marathon runners.PloS one · 2018Article
- Immune System Dysregulation During Spaceflight: Potential Countermeasures for Deep Space Exploration Missions.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- SIgA response and incidence of upper respiratory tract infections during intensified training in youth basketball players.Biology of sport · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeSalivary antimicrobial proteins (sAMPs) protect the upper respiratory tract (URTI) from invading microorganisms and have been linked with URTI infection risk in athletes. While high training volume is associated with increased URTI risk, it is not known if fitness affects the sAMP response to acute exercise. This study compared the sAMP responses to various exercising workloads of highly fit experienced cyclists with those who were less fit.
methodsSeventeen experienced cyclists (nine highly fit; eight less fit) completed three 30-min exercise trials at workloads corresponding to -5, +5 and +15 % of the individual blood lactate threshold. Saliva samples were collected pre- and post-exercise to determine the concentration and secretion of α-amylase, human neutrophil proteins 1-3 (HNP1-3) lactoferrin, LL-37, lysozyme, and salivary SIgA.
resultsThe concentration and/or secretion of all sAMPs increased post-exercise, but only α-amylase was sensitive to exercise workload. Highly fit cyclists had lower baseline concentrations of α-amylase, HNP1-3, and lactoferrin, although secretion rates did not differ between the groups. Highly fit cyclists did, however, exhibit greater post-exercise increases in the concentration and/or secretion of a majority of measured sAMPs (percentage difference between highly fit and less fit in parentheses), including α-amylase concentration (+107 %) and secretion (+148 %), HNP1-3 concentration (+97 %) and secretion (+158 %), salivary SIgA concentration (+181 %), lactoferrin secretion (+209 %) and LL-37 secretion (+138 %).
conclusionWe show for the first time that fitness level is a major determinant of exercise-induced changes in sAMPs. This might be due to training-induced alterations in parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.