ReviewSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2015
Disorders without borders: current and future directions in the meta-structure of mental disorders.
Review in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Developmentally Informed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Strength of General Psychopathology in Childhood and Adolescence.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2024Pooled it
- Use of Lithium in Pediatric Bipolar Disorders and Externalizing Childhood- related Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Is There Evidence for the Specificity of Closed-Loop Brain Training in the Treatment of Internalizing Disorders? A Systematic Review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Adolescent Masculinities and Associations with Internalizing Behavior Problems and Social Support.American journal of community psychology · 2021Pooled it
- Infraslow Closed-Loop Brain Training for Anxiety and Depression (ISAD): A pilot randomised, sham-controlled trial in adult females with internalizing disorders.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025Trial
- Child and adolescent psychiatry: challenges, solutions, opportunities, and future directions.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- Associations Between Lifetime Stressor Exposure and Externalizing Problems in Youth at Risk for Huntington Disease.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- An exploratory study on disinhibition and interpersonal outcomes in daily life.Personality disorders · 2025Article
- Maternal epigenetic index links early neglect to later neglectful care and other psychopathological, cognitive, and bonding effects.Clinical epigenetics · 2025Article
- Why Do They Do It? The Psychology Behind Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents.Pediatric reports · 2025Review
- Emergency hospital admissions for stress-related presentations among secondary school-aged minoritised young people in England.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2025Article
- Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in depression - complementarity or exclusion?Postepy psychiatrii neurologii · 2024Article
- Developmental cascade models linking contextual risks, parenting, and internalizing symptoms: A 17-year longitudinal study from early childhood to emerging adulthood.Development and psychopathology · 2024Article
- Latent classes of oppositional defiant disorder in adolescence and prediction to later psychopathology.Development and psychopathology · 2023Article
- Suicidal Offenders and Non-Offenders with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Retrospective Evaluation of Distinguishing Factors Using Machine Learning.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Association of Childhood Externalizing, Internalizing, and Comorbid Symptoms With Long-term Economic and Social Outcomes.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- The four-factor personality model and its qualitative correlates among opioid agonist therapy clients.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Article
- The Effects of Virtual Reality in Targeting Transdiagnostic Factors for Mental Health: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Self-Reported Psychosomatic Complaints and Conduct Problems in Swedish Adolescents.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeClassification is the cornerstone of clinical diagnostic practice and research. However, the extant psychiatric classification systems are not well supported by research evidence. In particular, extensive comorbidity among putatively distinct disorders flags an urgent need for fundamental changes in how we conceptualize psychopathology. Over the past decade, research has coalesced on an empirically based model that suggests many common mental disorders are structured according to two correlated latent dimensions: internalizing and externalizing.
methodsWe review and discuss the development of a dimensional-spectrum model which organizes mental disorders in an empirically based manner. We also touch upon changes in the DSM-5 and put forward recommendations for future research endeavors.
resultsOur review highlights substantial empirical support for the empirically based internalizing-externalizing model of psychopathology, which provides a parsimonious means of addressing comorbidity.
conclusionsAs future research goals, we suggest that the field would benefit from: expanding the meta-structure of psychopathology to include additional disorders, development of empirically based thresholds, inclusion of a developmental perspective, and intertwining genomic and neuroscience dimensions with the empirical structure of psychopathology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.