ReviewMedical microbiology and immunology2015
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate immune responses in the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
Review in Medical microbiology and immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emerging Trends and Future Directions in the Development of Anti-hepatitis B Therapies: A Horizon Scanning Review.Clinical drug investigation · 2025Pooled it
- The associations between Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms and hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Bioscience reports · 2019Pooled it
- Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular mechanisms, physiology, and therapies.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Drug-resistant bacterial infections in end-stage liver disease: immune imbalance and intervention advances.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The "viral-metabolic" interaction mechanisms and management challenges in chronic hepatitis B combined with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: from clinical evidence to an integrated multidisciplinary framework.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota and the Gut-Liver Axis in Liver Disease: From Chronic Viral Hepatitis to Cirrhosis, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, and Microbiome-Based Therapies.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Hepatitis B surface antigen hijacks TANK-binding kinase 1 to suppress type I interferon and induce early autophagy.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- Genetic variation of TLR3 gene is associated with the outcome of hepatitis b infection in mauritanian patients: case control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Hepatitis B virus evades the immune system by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway with DENND2A.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Article
- Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Article
- The regulation of antiviral innate immunity through non-mFrontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Biopsy-based single-cell transcriptomics reveals MAIT cells as potential targets for controlling fibrosis-related liver inflammation due to chronic hepatitis-B infection.Clinical and translational medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- Hepatitis B Flare in Hepatitis B e Antigen-Negative Patients: A Complicated Cascade of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- A pilot study on some critical immune elements in HBV infection: evidence of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin as an immunological biomarker.Gastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench · 2022Article
- Network pharmacology-based prediction of active compounds in the Wenyang Jiedu Huayu formula acting on acute-on-chronic liver failure with experimental supportFrontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity orchestrates adaptive immune responses in HBV infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Novel Molecular Therapeutics Targeting Signaling Pathway to Control Hepatitis B Viral Infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The role of adaptive immune responses in the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is well accepted. The contribution of innate immune responses to the viral control is recognized but yet not fully understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense pathogen-associated molecule patterns and activate antiviral mechanisms including the intracellular antiviral pathways and the production of antiviral effectors like interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Activation of the TLR3 pathway and the production of IFN-β represent one of the major mechanisms leading to the suppression of HBV replication in the liver, as shown in different in vitro and in vivo models. TLR4 signaling and TLR2 signaling result in the activation of intracellular pathways including MAPK and PI-3 K/Akt in hepatocytes and reduce HBV replication in an IFN-independent manner. HBV is able to counteract the actions of TLR3 and TLR2/4 through downregulation of TLR expression and attenuation of the cellular signaling pathways. Thus, TLR ligands are promising candidates as immunomodulators and therapeutics for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. Specific antiviral treatment against HBV could recover the TLR functions in chronic HBV infection and increase the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches based on TLR activation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.