ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015
Antiviral immunity of Anopheles gambiae is highly compartmentalized, with distinct roles for RNA interference and gut microbiota.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 156 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Rasputin/G3BP mediates subversion of antiviral immunity by o'nyong-nyong virus in Anopheles coluzzii.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Review
- Crop: The Black Box of Mosquito Vector Fitness.Insects · 2026Review
- Insect immune systems: same same but different but still same.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Microbiome diversity in mosquitoes and sand flies: implications for vector competence.Parasites & vectors · 2025Review
- Potential mechanisms implied in tick infection by arboviruses and their transmission to vertebrate hosts.Integrative zoology · 2025Review
- Omics Approaches in Understanding Insecticide Resistance in Mosquito Vectors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Advances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito-borne viruses: cellular, viral, and immune-related approaches.Virology journal · 2025Review
- NSm is a critical determinant for bunyavirus transmission between vertebrate and mosquito hosts.Nature communications · 2025Article
- DsRNA as pathogen-associated molecular pattern in innate immunity and multiple functions of the RNAi machinery complicate the use of RNAi in pest control.Frontiers in insect science · 2025Review
- Review
- How infection-triggered pathobionts influence virulence evolution.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Investigating the Evolution of Drosophila STING-Dependent Antiviral Innate Immunity by Multispecies Comparison of 2'3'-cGAMP Responses.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- The Anopheles leucine-rich repeat protein APL1C is a pathogen binding factor recognizing Plasmodium ookinetes and sporozoites.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Microbial ecology of sandflies-the correlation between nutrition,Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Dynamic Gut Microbiota of Apolygus lucorum Across Different Life Stages Reveals Potential Pathogenic Bacteria for Facilitating the Pest Management.Microbial ecology · 2023Article
- Impact of the microbiome on mosquito-borne diseases.Protein & cell · 2023Review
- Symbiotic Bacteria ModulateInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Rift Valley Fever Virus Primes Immune Responses inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Arboviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes and other arthropods to humans and animals. The risk associated with these viruses is increasing worldwide, including new emergence in Europe and the Americas. Anopheline mosquitoes are vectors of human malaria but are believed to transmit one known arbovirus, o'nyong-nyong virus, whereas Aedes mosquitoes transmit many. Anopheles interactions with viruses have been little studied, and the initial antiviral response in the midgut has not been examined. Here, we determine the antiviral immune pathways of the Anopheles gambiae midgut, the initial site of viral infection after an infective blood meal. We compare them with the responses of the post-midgut systemic compartment, which is the site of the subsequent disseminated viral infection. Normal viral infection of the midgut requires bacterial flora and is inhibited by the activities of immune deficiency (Imd), JAK/STAT, and Leu-rich repeat immune factors. We show that the exogenous siRNA pathway, thought of as the canonical mosquito antiviral pathway, plays no detectable role in antiviral defense in the midgut but only protects later in the systemic compartment. These results alter the prevailing antiviral paradigm by describing distinct protective mechanisms in different body compartments and infection stages. Importantly, the presence of the midgut bacterial flora is required for full viral infectivity to Anopheles, in contrast to malaria infection, where the presence of the midgut bacterial flora is required for protection against infection. Thus, the enteric flora controls a reciprocal protection tradeoff in the vector for resistance to different human pathogens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.