ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2015
VO₂ kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme swimming intensity.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- From acute responses to long-term monitoring: a scoping review of the reliability and validity of biomechanical and physiological assessment tools in elite and highly trained swimmers.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Pooled it
- The Impact of Resistance Training on Swimming Performance: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2017Pooled it
- The Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Jumping and Swimming Performances in Prepubertal Male Swimmers.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2019Trial
- Effects of oxygen uptake kinetics on 100-m and 800-m front crawl performance in pubertal swimmers.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Training intensity distribution for sprinter swimmers: suggestions for swimming coaches and scientists.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Review
- The Effects of a High Carbohydrate Diet Combined with High Molecular Weight Carbohydrate Supplementation on Anaerobic Performance and Oxidative Stress in Elite Swimmers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Specializing When It Counts: Comparing the Dose-Time Effect of Distance Variety between Swimming and Track Running.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Training zones in competitive swimming: a biophysical approach.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Quantity of within-sport distance variety - what can pool swimmers and track runners learn from each other?Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Sprinting to the top: comparing quality of distance variety and specialization between swimmers and runners.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Reliability and Validity of a Flume-Based Maximal Oxygen Uptake Swimming Test.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Usefulness of V˙O2 Kinetics and Biomechanical Parameters as Predictors of Athlete's Performance in 800 m Running Race.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Associations Between Selected Biological Features and Absolute and Relative Swimming Performance of Prepubescent Boys Over a 3-Year Swimming Training Program: A Longitudinal Study.Journal of human kinetics · 2022Article
- Physiological Responses and Stroke Variables during Arm Stroke Swimming Using Critical Stroke Rate in Competitive Swimmers.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Article
- Relevance of a Sprint Interval Swim Training Set to the 100-Meter Freestyle Event Based on Blood Lactate and Kinematic Variables.Journal of human kinetics · 2021Article
- Stroking Rates of Open Water Swimmers during the 2019 FINA World Swimming Championships.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on Swimming Training: Practical Recommendations during Home Confinement/Isolation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Impact of Mild Hypohydration on 100 m Front Crawl Performance and Starting Block Peak Force Production in Competitive University-Level Swimmers.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeOur purpose was to characterize the oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) kinetics, assess the energy systems contributions and determine the energy cost when swimming front crawl at extreme intensity. Complementarily, we compared swimming full body with upper body only.
methodsSeventeen swimmers performed a 100 m maximal front crawl in two conditions: once swimming with full body and other using only the upper propulsive segments. The [Formula: see text] was continuously measured using a telemetric portable gas analyser (connected to a respiratory snorkel), and the capillary blood samples for lactate concentration analysis were collected.
resultsA sudden increase in [Formula: see text] in the beginning of exercise, which continuously rose until the end of the bout (time: 63.82 ± 3.38 s; [Formula: see text]: 56.07 ± 5.19 ml min(-1) kg(-1); [Formula: see text] amplitude: 41.88 ± 4.74 ml min(-1) kg(-1); time constant: 12.73 ± 3.09 s), was observed. Aerobic, anaerobic lactic and alactic pathways were estimated and accounted for 43.4, 33.1 and 23.5 % of energy contribution and 1.16 ± 0.10 kJ m(-1) was the energy cost. Complementarily, the absence of lower limbs lead to a longer time to cover 100 m (71.96 ± 5.13 s), slower [Formula: see text] kinetics, lower aerobic and anaerobic (lactic and alactic) energy production and lower energy cost.
conclusionDespite the short duration of the event, the aerobic energy contribution covers about 50 % of total metabolic energy liberation, highlighting that both aerobic and anaerobic energy processes should be developed to improve the 100 m swimming performance. Lower limbs action provided an important contribution in the energy availability in working muscles being advised its full use in this short duration and very high-intensity event.
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Registered trials
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