ArticleCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2015
Variation in levels of the lung carcinogen NNAL and its glucuronides in the urine of cigarette smokers from five ethnic groups with differing risks for lung cancer.
Article in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Effects of oral nicotine pouches on cigarette smoking behaviour and tobacco harm exposure: a randomised pilot trial in adults.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Genome-wide association study of urinary cadmium levels in current smokers from the multiethnic cohort study.Human molecular genetics · 2025Article
- Tobacco Biomarkers by Latino Heritage and Race, US, 2007 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Article
- Association of Urinary Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure with Lung Cancer Risk in African American and White Cigarette Smokers in the Southern Community Cohort Study.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Article
- Genetic variants of glucose metabolism and exposure to smoking in African American breast cancer.Endocrine-related cancer · 2023Article
- Association of Urinary Biomarkers of Smoking-Related Toxicants with Lung Cancer Incidence in Smokers: The Multiethnic Cohort Study.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Suppressing the activation of protein kinase A as a DNA damage-independent mechanistic lead for dihydromethysticin prophylaxis of NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis.Carcinogenesis · 2022Article
- Characterization of adductomic totality of NNK, (R)-NNAL and (S)-NNAL in A/J mice, and their correlations with distinct lung carcinogenicity.Carcinogenesis · 2022Article
- Smokeless tobacco and cigarette smoking: chemical mechanisms and cancer prevention.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2022Review
- Genetic Signatures of Glucose Homeostasis: Synergistic Interplay With Long-Term Exposure to Cigarette Smoking in Development of Primary Colorectal Cancer Among African American Women.Clinical and translational gastroenterology · 2021Article
- The Cancer Prevention Project of Philadelphia: preliminary findings examining diversity among the African diaspora.Ethnicity & health · 2021Article
- Ethnic Differences of Urinary Cadmium in Cigarette Smokers from the Multiethnic Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Alkylating and oxidative stresses in smoking and non-smoking patients with COPD: Implications for lung carcinogenesis.Free radical biology & medicine · 2021Article
- Relationships Between Race, Gender, and Spot Urine Levels of Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure Vary Based on How Creatinine Is Handled in Analyses.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Article
- Applying Tobacco, Environmental, and Dietary-Related Biomarkers to Understand Cancer Etiology and Evaluate Prevention Strategies.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2020Article
- Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use and Abstinence: 2019 Update.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundResults of the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study demonstrated that, for the same quantity of cigarettes smoked, African Americans and Native Hawaiians have a higher risk of lung cancer compared with whites, whereas Latinos and Japanese Americans have a lower risk. We hypothesize that the uptake and/or metabolism of the lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) could explain the differences in lung cancer risk.
methodsWe measured urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides and their sum (total NNAL), biomarkers of NNK uptake, in 2,252 smokers from the MEC. Ethnic-specific geometric means were compared adjusting for age at urine collection, sex, creatinine and total nicotine equivalents, a marker of total nicotine uptake.
resultsAfrican Americans had the highest median total NNAL levels (1.80 pmol/mL urine) and Japanese Americans had the lowest (0.914 pmol/mL urine), with intermediate values in the other three groups. Geometric mean of total NNAL in African Americans was also highest, and in Japanese Americans it was lowest; Japanese American geometric mean was statistically different from whites (P = 0.004).
conclusionsAfrican Americans had higher levels of total NNAL per mL urine than whites, while Japanese Americans had lower levels, consistent with lung cancer risk among smokers in these groups. However, our data were not consistent with the high and low lung cancer risks of Native Hawaiian and Latino smokers, respectively. IMPACT: The higher lung cancer susceptibility of African-American smokers and the lower susceptibility of Japanese-American smokers compared with whites can be explained in part by exposure to the potent lung carcinogen NNK. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 561-9. ©2014 AACR.
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