Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25540710›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of sports physical therapy2014

Associations between the female athlete triad and injury among high school runners.

Mitchell J Rauh, Michelle Barrack, Jeanne F Nichols

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of sports physical therapy, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
1.8field-weighted citation impact, top 18% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Guideline
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Menstrual Dysfunction in Adolescent Female Athletes.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024
    Review
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Bone stress injuries.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2022
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Mitchell J RauhDoctor of Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
Michelle BarrackDepartment of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA.
Jeanne F NicholsDepartment of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
California State University, Long Beach · USSan Diego State University · USUniversity of California, San Diego · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

PURPOSE/

backgroundDuring the 2013-14 school year, over 763,000 female athletes participated in interscholastic running sports in the United States. Recent studies have indicated associations between the female athlete triad (Triad) and stress fracture or other musculoskeletal injuries in elite or collegiate female running populations. Little is known about these relationships in an adolescent interscholastic running population. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between Triad and risk of lower extremity musculoskeletal injury among adolescent runners.

methodsEighty-nine female athletes competing in interscholastic cross-country and track in southern California were followed, prospectively. The runners were monitored throughout their respective sport season for lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries. Data collected included daily injury reports, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) that assessed disordered eating attitudes/behaviors, a questionnaire on menstrual history and demographic characteristics, a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan that measured whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition (lean tissue and fat mass), and anthropometric measurements.

resultsThirty-eight runners (42.7%) incurred at least one lower extremity musculoskeletal injury. In the BMD Z-score ≤ -1 standard deviation (SD) adjusted model, low BMD relative to age (BMD Z-score of ≤ -1SD) was significantly associated (Odds Ratio [OR]=4.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-13.3) with an increased occurrence of musculoskeletal injury during the interscholastic sport season. In the BMD Z-score ≤ -2 SDs adjusted model, a history of oligo/amenorrhea was significantly associated (OR=4.1, 95% CI: 1.2-13.5) with increased musculoskeletal injury occurrence.

conclusionOligo/amenorrhea and low BMD were associated with musculoskeletal injuries among the female interscholastic cross-country and track runners. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Regular, close monitoring of adolescent female runners during seasonal and off-season training may be warranted, so that potential problems can be recognized and addressed promptly in order to minimize the risk of running injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.

Indexed as

Adolescent runnersbone mineral densitydisordered eatingfemalesmenstrual dysfunctionmusculoskeletal injuries

Identifiers

PMID25540710
PMCPMC4275199
OpenAlexW116648037

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.