ReviewBMC psychiatry2014
Depression and the risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
Review in BMC psychiatry, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 213 papers, 13 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
213 citing papers in PubMed, 13 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 487 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trace Elements and Depressive Symptoms in Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review of Sparse and Predominantly Indirect Evidence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Cardiovascular diseases and depression: A meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Examining Depression as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in People with HIV: A Systematic Review.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2023Pooled it
- The impact of gratitude interventions on patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of Objective and Perceived Social Isolation on Cardiovascular and Brain Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2022Pooled it
- Anxiety, Depression and Quality of Life-A Systematic Review of Evidence from Longitudinal Observational Studies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Sexual violence and cardiovascular disease risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Maturitas · 2021Pooled it
- Association of Depression with Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis: a Systematic Review.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2021Pooled it
- Cardiovascular health status of taxi/for-hire vehicle drivers in the United States: A systematic review.Work (Reading, Mass.) · 2021Pooled it
- Physical Activity Promotes Health and Reduces Cardiovascular Mortality in Depressed Populations: A Literature Overview.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Sex- and Gender-Stratified Risks of Psychological Factors for Incident Ischemic Heart Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Interventions to Increase Depression Treatment Initiation in Primary Care Patients: a Systematic Review.Journal of general internal medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Does psychological treatment of major depression reduce cardiac risk biomarkers? An exploratory randomized controlled trial.Psychological medicine · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Immersive Virtual Reality Therapy as a Support for Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Pilot Randomized-Controlled Trial.Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking · 2021Trial
- Physical activity and psychosocial function following cardiac rehabilitation: One-year follow-up of the ENHANCED study.General hospital psychiatry · 2017Trial
- The Dangerous Liaison Between Depression and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review of Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Management.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Dissecting pleiotropy between major depressive disorder and physical disease comorbidities.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Article
153 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSeveral systematic reviews and meta-analyses demonstrated the association between depression and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but the previous reviews had some limitations. Moreover, a number of additional studies have been published since the publication of these reviews. We conducted an updated meta-analysis of prospective studies to assess the association between depression and the risk of CHD.
methodsRelevant prospective studies investigating the association between depression and CHD were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science search (up to April 2014) and from reviewing reference lists of obtained articles. Either a random-effects model or fixed-effects model was used to compute the pooled risk estimates when appropriate.
resultsThirty prospective cohort studies with 40 independent reports met the inclusion criteria. These groups included 893,850 participants (59,062 CHD cases) during a follow-up duration ranging from 2 to 37 years. The pooled relative risks (RRs) were 1.30 (95% CI, 1.22-1.40) for CHD and 1.30 (95% CI, 1.18-1.44) for myocardial infarction (MI). In the subgroup analysis by follow-up duration, the RR of CHD was 1.36 (95% CI, 1.24-1.49) for less than 15 years follow-up, and 1.09 (95% CI, 0.96-1.23) for equal to or more than 15 years follow-up. Potential publication bias may exist, but correction for this bias using trim-and-fill method did not alter the combined risk estimate substantially.
conclusionsThe results of our meta-analysis suggest that depression is independently associated with a significantly increased risk of CHD and MI, which may have implications for CHD etiological research and psychological medicine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.