SynthesisBMC ophthalmology2014
Hyperopia: a meta-analysis of prevalence and a review of associated factors among school-aged children.
Synthesis in BMC ophthalmology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of clinically significant refractive error in children in Europe: Systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and time trends of refractive error in Chinese children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2021Pooled it
- The prevalence of refractive errors in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International ophthalmology · 2020Pooled it
- Practical Comparison of a Newly Developed Software-Based Visual Acuity Test and Photoscreening in Japanese Preschool Children.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- Prevalence and Severity of Hypermetropia and Astigmatism Among Druze Children From the Golan Heights.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Refractive Errors and Amblyopia in Mexican Children Aged 6-12 Years: Clinical Prevalence and Visual Impact.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cataract surgery in the extremely small eye: morphology, comorbidities and outcomes in 300 eyes.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Alternative audio-graphic method for presenting structural information in mathematical graphs designed for low-vision users.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Surviving prematurity: retrospective longitudinal study of multisystem consequences in preterm-born individuals from infancy to adolescence.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Prevalence and age-related trends of refractive errors in Mexican outpatients: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence of ophthalmic abnormalities and refractive changes in Taiwanese children with Down syndrome.PloS one · 2025Article
- Retinoscopes: Past and present.World journal of methodology · 2024Article
- Prescribing patterns for hyperopia: an insight of the optometrist perspective and practice.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Vision Screening and Detection of Ocular Abnormalities in School Children by Teachers in Jordan.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2024Article
- Glaucoma and Myopia: Diagnostic Challenges.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Flash Electroretinography as a Measure of Retinal Function in Myopia and Hyperopia: A Systematic Review.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Artificial intelligence-based screening for amblyopia and its risk factors: comparison with four classic stereovision tests.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Results of the School Children Ocular Biometry and Refractive Error Study in South India.Turkish journal of ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Choroidal Thickness in a Hyperopic Pediatric Population.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStudies show great variability in the prevalence of hyperopia among children. This study aimed to synthesize the existing knowledge about hyperopia prevalence and its associated factors in school children and to explore the reasons for this variability.
methodsThis systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. Searching several international databases, the review included population- or school-based studies assessing hyperopia through cycloplegic autorefraction or cycloplegic retinoscopy. Meta-analysis of hyperopia prevalence was performed following MOOSE guidelines and using the random effects model.
resultsThe review included 40 cross-sectional studies. The prevalence of hyperopia ranged from 8.4% at age six, 2-3% from 9 to 14 years and approximately 1% at 15 years. With regard to associated factors, age has an inverse association with hyperopia. The frequency of hyperopia is higher among White children and those who live in rural areas. There is no consensus about the association between hyperopia and gender, family income and parental schooling.
conclusionFuture studies should use standardized methods to classify hyperopia and sufficient sample size when evaluating age-specific prevalence. Furthermore, it is necessary to deepen the understanding about the interactions among hyperopic refractive error and accommodative and binocular functions as a way of identifying groups of hyperopic children at risk of developing visual, academic and even cognitive function sequelae.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.