ArticleAmerican journal of veterinary research2015
West Nile virus-specific immunoglobulin isotype responses in vaccinated and infected horses.
Article in American journal of veterinary research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- West Nile Virus in Horses as a Sentinel Host in One Health Surveillance: Epidemiological Insights and Future Perspectives.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Diagnosis and Surveillance of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses: Current Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Seroprevalence of West Nile, Usutu and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in equids from south-western France in 2023.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Lessons Learned from West Nile Virus Infection:Vaccinations in Equines and Their Implications for One Health Approaches.Viruses · 2024Review
- Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance.Viruses · 2023Review
- European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2022Article
- High exposure of West Nile virus in equid and wild bird populations in Spain following the epidemic outbreak in 2020.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2022Article
- Review
- Postmortem diagnoses of spinal ataxia in 316 horses in California.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · 2021Article
- A Pilot Serosurvey for Selected Pathogens in Feral Donkeys (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2020Article
- Amino acid 159 of the envelope protein affects viral replication and T-cell infiltration by West Nile virus in intracranial infection.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- West Nile virus in horses - What do you need to know to diagnose the disease?The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne · 2018Article
- Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2017Article
- Improved reliability of serological tools for the diagnosis of West Nile fever in horses within Europe.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2017Article
- Seroprevalence of West Nile and Usutu viruses in military working horses and dogs, Morocco, 2012: dog as an alternative WNV sentinel species?Epidemiology and infection · 2016Article
- Clinicopathological and pedigree investigation of a novel spinocerebellar neurological disease in juvenile Quarter Horses in North America.Journal of veterinary internal medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo compare antibody responses of horses naturally infected with West Nile virus (WNV) and those vaccinated against WNV, to identify whether vaccination interferes with the ability to diagnose WNV infection, and to determine the duration of antibody responses after vaccination. SAMPLE: Sera from horses naturally infected with WNV (n = 10) and adult WNV-naïve horses before and after vaccination with a live canarypox virus-vectored vaccine (7) or a killed virus vaccine (8). PROCEDURES: An established WNV IgM capture ELISA was used to measure IgM responses. Newly developed capture ELISAs were used to measure responses of 8 other WNV-specific immunoglobulin isotypes. A serum neutralization assay was used to determine anti-WNV antibody titers.
resultsWNV-specific IgM responses were typically detected in the sera of WNV-infected horses but not in sera of horses vaccinated against WNV. Natural infection with and vaccination against WNV induced an immunoglobulin response that was primarily composed of IgG1. West Nile virus-specific IgG1 was detected in the sera of most horses 14 days after vaccination. Serum anti-WNV IgG1 and neutralizing antibody responses induced by the killed-virus vaccines were higher and lasted longer than did those induced by the live canarypox virus-vectored vaccine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: On the basis of these findings, we recommend that horses be vaccinated against WNV annually near the beginning of mosquito season, that both IgM and IgG1 responses against WNV be measured to distinguish between natural infection and vaccination, and that a WNV IgG1 ELISA be used to monitor anti-WNV antibodies titers in vaccinated horses.
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