ArticlePsychological medicine2015
Prenatal marijuana exposure, age of marijuana initiation, and the development of psychotic symptoms in young adults.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Birth Outcomes of Neonates Exposed to Marijuana in Utero: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Identifying established human placental markers of schizophrenia in rodents after gestational ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure†.Biology of reproduction · 2026Article
- Cannabis Use Motives Across the Reproductive Continuum: An Integrative Literature Review.Cannabis (Albuquerque, N.M.) · 2026Review
- Transgenerational effects of perinatal cannabis exposure on female reproductive parameters in mice.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Article
- Transgenerational effects of perinatal cannabis exposure on female reproductive parameters in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Cannabis and Pregnancy.Current psychiatry reports · 2024Review
- Early Maternal Prenatal Cannabis Use and Child Developmental Delays.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Maternal Prenatal Cannabis Use and Child Autism Spectrum Disorder.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Prenatal cannabis exposure, the brain, and psychopathology during early adolescence.Nature. Mental health · 2024Article
- Effects of Prenatal Methcathinone Exposure on the Neurological Behavior of Adult Offspring.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Article
- Cannabinoids in Medicine: A Multifaceted Exploration of Types, Therapeutic Applications, and Emerging Opportunities in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer Therapy.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Influence of prenatal cannabinoid exposure on early development and beyond.Advances in drug and alcohol research · 2023Review
- In-utero cannabis exposure and long-term psychiatric and neurodevelopmental outcomes: The limitations of existing literature and recommendations for future research.Birth defects research · 2022Review
- Long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure: Pathways to adolescent and adult outcomes.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2022Review
- Associations Between Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Childhood Outcomes: Results From the ABCD Study.JAMA psychiatry · 2021Article
- The Synthetic Cannabinoids THJ-2201 and 5F-PB22 Enhance In Vitro CBInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Cannabis Use in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women: Behavioral and Neurobiological Consequences.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Review
- Association of Prenatal Cannabis Exposure With Psychosis Proneness Among Children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.JAMA psychiatry · 2019Article
- Early marijuana initiation: The link between prenatal marijuana exposure, early childhood behavior, and negative adult roles.Neurotoxicology and teratologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStudies have demonstrated that an early age of onset of marijuana use (EAOM) is associated with a higher risk of developing psychotic symptoms (PS) compared to initiating marijuana use at a later age or not at all. Research has also found that prenatal marijuana exposure (PME) predicts EAOM. This report evaluates the relationships among PME, EAOM, and PS.
methodSubjects were initially interviewed in their fourth prenatal month. Women and offspring who completed the birth assessment (n = 763) were selected for follow-up. Women and their offspring were followed until the offspring were 22 years of age: 596 offspring were evaluated. At age 22, PS were assessed in the offspring with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule using DSM-IV criteria. Analyses controlled for significant covariates including other prenatal substance exposures, race, gender, and offspring substance use at 22 years.
resultsPME and EAOM significantly predicted increased rates of PS at 22 years controlling for other significant covariates. The direct effect of PME on PS was marginally significant (p = 0.06) when EAOM was entered into the model and other covariates were fixed. In the mediation analysis, EAOM did not significantly mediate the association between PME and PS, controlling for significant covariates, nor was the indirect pathway significant when structural equation modeling was used. The total effect of the direct and indirect pathways was significant.
conclusionsIn addition to EAOM, PME may also play a role in the association between marijuana use and the development of PS. This could highlight a new area for prevention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.