ArticleAnnals of epidemiology2015
Oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy: relative and attributable risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other health outcomes.
Article in Annals of epidemiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00005152 (Nurses' Health Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Nurses' Health Study (Cardiovascular Component)
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
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- A roadmap to reduce the incidence and mortality of breast cancer by rethinking our approach to women's health.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Review
- The menopausal transition period and cardiovascular risk.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2024Review
- Factor V Leiden, estrogen, and multimorbidity association with venous thromboembolism in a British-South Asian cohort.iScience · 2023Article
- The increased risk of colorectal cancer in the women who underwent hysterectomy from the South Korean National Health Insurance Database.BMC women's health · 2023Article
- GPCRs and fibroblast heterogeneity in fibroblast-associated diseases.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2023Review
- Oral Contraceptive Use in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: Absolute Cancer Risks and Benefits.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2022Article
- Review
- Cancer Cell Direct Bioprinting: A Focused Review.Micromachines · 2021Review
- Article
- Hormonal and reproductive factors and reduction in the risk of colorectal cancer.European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP) · 2020Observational
- Novel Biomarkers of Early Atherosclerotic Changes for Personalised Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Trends in incidence of uterine cancer in Songkhla, Southern Thailand.Journal of gynecologic oncology · 2019Article
- Differential metabolomics analysis allows characterization of diversity of metabolite networks between males and females.PloS one · 2018Article
- Gene-environment interactions involving functional variants: Results from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium.International journal of cancer · 2017Article
- Sex differences in the association of phospholipids with components of the metabolic syndrome in young adults.Biology of sex differences · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo summarize the relative risks (RRs) and attributable risks (ARs) of major health outcomes associated with use of combined oral contraceptives (OCs) and menopausal hormone therapy (HT).
methodsFor OCs, measures of association are from meta-analyses of observational studies. For HT, these measures are from the Women's Health Initiative, a large randomized trial of HT for chronic disease prevention in postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years.
resultsCurrent OC use increases risks of venous thromboembolism and ischemic stroke. However, women of reproductive age are at low baseline risk, so the ARs are small. OC use also increases risk of breast and liver cancer and reduces risk of ovarian, endometrial, and colorectal cancer; the net effect is a modest reduction in total cancer. The Women's Health Initiative results show that HT does not prevent coronary events or overall chronic disease in postmenopausal women as a whole. Subgroup analyses suggest that timing of HT initiation influences the relation between such therapy and coronary risk, and its overall risk-benefit balance, with more favorable effects (on a relative scale) in younger or recently menopausal women than in older women or those further past the menopausal transition. However, even if the RR do not vary by these characteristics, the low absolute baseline risks of younger or recently menopausal women translate into low ARs in this group.
conclusionsOC and HT can safely be used for contraception and treatment of vasomotor symptoms, respectively, by healthy women at low baseline risk for cardiovascular disease and breast cancer.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.