ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2015
High prevalence of non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Malaysia: Correlates of overdose and implications for overdose prevention from a cross-sectional study.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychosocial factors associated with overdose subsequent to Illicit Drug use: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.Harm reduction journal · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review of the distribution of take-home naloxone in low- and middle-income countries and barriers to the implementation of take-home naloxone programs.Harm reduction journal · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of prerelease methadone on mortality among people with HIV and opioid use disorder after prison release: results from a randomized and participant choice open-label trial in Malaysia.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Impact of time perspectives on texting intervention to reduce HIV/STI transmission among female sex workers in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2019Trial
- Housing and displacement as risk factors for negative health outcomes among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles, CA, and Denver, CO, USA.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Burden, Risk Factors, and Knowledge of Non-fatal Opioid Overdose Among Injectable Drug Users: A Cross-sectional Study.Indian journal of psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Longitudinal patterns and predictors of opioid and stimulant use initiation and cessation among female sex workers living with HIV in South Africa.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- The relationship between felt stigma and non-fatal overdose among rural people who use drugs.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Prevalence and associates of non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Saveh, Iran.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2022Article
- Factors Associated with Likelihood of Initiating Others into Injection Drug Use Among People Who Inject Drugs in West Virginia.AIDS and behavior · 2022Article
- Correlates of Non-fatal, Opioid Overdose among Women Who Use Opioids in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- The Opioid-overdose Reduction Continuum of Care Approach (ORCCA): Evidence-based practices in the HEALing Communities Study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Characterising the increasing prevalence of crystal methamphetamine use in Vancouver, Canada, from 2006-2017: A gender-based analysis.Drug and alcohol review · 2020Article
- Non -fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Tehran, Iran.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2020Article
- A cross-national analysis of the association between years of implementation of opioid substitution treatments and drug-related deaths in Europe from 1995 to 2013.European journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
- Intentional Drug Overdose Involving Pregabalin and Gabapentin: Findings from the National Self-Harm Registry Ireland, 2007-2015.Clinical drug investigation · 2018Article
- HIV Testing and awareness of HIV status among people who inject drugs in greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.AIDS care · 2018Article
- The complex interplay of social networks, geography and HIV risk among Malaysian Drug Injectors: Results from respondent-driven sampling.The International journal on drug policy · 2016Article
- Drug Abuse, HIV, and HCV in Asian Countries.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2016Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOverdose is the leading cause of death among opioid users, but no data are available on overdose among people who inject drugs in Malaysia. We present the first estimates of the prevalence and correlates of recent non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Malaysia.
methodsIn 2010, 460 people who inject drugs were recruited using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in Klang Valley to assess health outcomes associated with injection drug use. Self-reported history of non-fatal overdose in the previous 6 months was the primary outcome. Sociodemographic, behavioral and structural correlates of non-fatal overdose were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.
resultsAll 460 participants used opioids and nearly all (99.1%) met criteria for opioid dependence. Most injected daily (91.3%) and were male (96.3%) and ethnically Malay (90.4%). Overall, 20% of participants had overdosed in the prior 6 months, and 43.3% had ever overdosed. The RDS-adjusted estimate of the 6-month period prevalence of overdose was 12.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.9-16.6%). Having injected for more years was associated with lower odds of overdose (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.6 per 5 years of injection, CI: 0.5-0.7). Rushing an injection from fear of the police nearly doubled the odds of overdose (AOR 1.9, CI: 1.9-3.6). Alcohol use was associated with recent non-fatal overdose (AOR 2.1, CI: 1.1-4.2), as was methamphetamine use (AOR 2.3, CI: 1.3-4.6). When adjusting for past-month drug use, intermittent but not daily methadone use was associated with overdose (AOR 2.8, CI: 1.5-5.9).
conclusionThis study reveals a large, previously undocumented burden of non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Malaysia and highlights the need for interventions that might reduce the risk of overdose, such as continuous opioid substitution therapy, provision of naloxone to prevent fatal overdose, treatment of polysubstance use, and working with police to improve the risk environment.
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