ArticlePloS one2014
Rapid urbanization of red foxes in Estonia: distribution, behaviour, attacks on domestic animals, and health-risks related to zoonotic diseases.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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31 citing papers in PubMed, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Gastrointestinal helminth parasites of urban and rural foxes around Melbourne, Australia.International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2025Article
- Conservation of the Threatened Arabian Wolf (Biology · 2025Article
- The global prevalence ofInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2024Article
- Forensic findings in urban red fox mortality in the metropolitan area of Madrid, 2014-2022.Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc · 2024Article
- The Animal Welfare Consequences and Moral Implications of Lethal and Non-Lethal Fox Control Methods.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- A walk on the wild side: A review of the epidemiology ofInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2023Review
- An ethogram identifies behavioural markers of attention to humans in European herring gulls (Larus argentatus).Biology open · 2023Article
- The Impact of Human Activities on Zoonotic Infection Transmissions.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Inter-species stimulus enhancement: herring gulls (Biology letters · 2023Article
- Review
- Main mites associated with dermatopathies present in dogs and other members of the Canidae family.Open veterinary journal · 2023Review
- Wild Mesocarnivores as Reservoirs of Endoparasites Causing Important Zoonoses and Emerging Bridging Infections across Europe.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- High overlap of zoonotic helminths between wild mammalian predators and rural dogs - an emerging One Health concern?Parasitology · 2022Article
- Spatiotemporal interactions of a novel mesocarnivore community in an urban environment before and during SARS-CoV-2 lockdown.The Journal of animal ecology · 2022Article
- Article
- Membrane Technology for Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2021Article
- Detecting the Severity of Socio-Spatial Conflicts Involving Wild Boars in the City Using Social Media Data.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Urban areas are becoming increasingly important for wildlife as diminishing natural habitats no longer represent a suitable environment for many species. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are nowadays common in many cities worldwide, and in recent years they have colonized urban areas in Estonia. We used a public web-based questionnaire approach to evaluate the distribution and behaviour of Estonian urban foxes, to detect related problems and to assess health risks to humans and domestic animals. In total, 1205 responses were collected throughout the country. Foxes have colonized the majority of Estonian towns (33 out of 47) in a relatively short period of time, and have already established breeding dens in several towns. Despite their recent arrival, the behaviour of Estonian urban foxes is similar to that reported in longer-established urban fox populations: they are mostly active during night-time, often visit city centres and some also have dens in such locations. Certain characteristics of urban foxes serve as a basis for conflict with humans: foxes have entered houses and attacked domestic animals, killing cats and poultry. About 8% of reported foxes exhibited symptoms of sarcoptic mange, a disease that also infects domestic animals, especially dogs. The proportion of mange-infected foxes was higher in large urban areas. In addition to mange, a substantial fraction of red foxes in Estonia are known to be infected with the life-threatening tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis. Therefore, urban foxes may represent a source of serious infectious disease for pets and humans.
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