ArticleEuropean journal of immunology2015
TLR9 and STING agonists synergistically induce innate and adaptive type-II IFN.
Article in European journal of immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 147 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spatiotemporal control of STING activation and saRNA delivery decouples humoral and cellular immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Emerging roles of the cGAS/STING pathway in cardiovascular diseases.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Review
- Activated T cell extracellular vesicle DNA transfer enhances antigen presentation and anti-tumor immunity.Cancer cell · 2026Article
- DNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles induces CD8+ T cell-dependent antitumor responses and enhances anti-PD-L1 therapy.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Simultaneous detection of lymphocytes and tumor cellsNanoscale horizons · 2026Article
- Negative regulators antagonizing antitumor innate immune pathways in lung cancer immune evasion.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Deciphering cGAS-STING signaling: implications for tumor immunity and hepatocellular carcinoma.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Article
- Vertical transmission of Leishmania donovani with placental degeneration in the pregnant mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- STING Agonists and How to Reach Their Full Potential in Cancer Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Progress Update on STING Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Article
- Cytosolic bacterial pathogens activate TLR pathways in tumors that synergistically enhance STING agonist cancer therapies.iScience · 2024Article
- STING agonist, SMA-2, inhibits clear cell renal cell carcinoma through improving tumor microenvironment.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2024Article
- Vaccination with a combination of STING agonist-loaded lipid nanoparticles and CpG-ODNs protects against lung metastasis via the induction of CD11bExperimental hematology & oncology · 2024Article
- A Cancer Nanovaccine for Co-Delivery of Peptide Neoantigens and Optimized Combinations of STING and TLR4 Agonists.ACS nano · 2024Article
- Challenges in developing personalized neoantigen cancer vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Advances in vaccine development for Chlamydia trachomatis.Pathogens and disease · 2024Review
- Cytosolic bacterial pathogens activate TLR pathways in tumors that synergistically enhance STING agonist cancer therapies.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Agonists for TLR9 and Stimulator of IFN Gene (STING) act as vaccine adjuvants that induce type-1 immune responses. However, currently available CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) (K-type) induces IFNs only weakly and STING ligands rather induce type-2 immune responses, limiting their potential therapeutic applications. Here, we show a potent synergism between TLR9 and STING agonists. Together, they make an effective type-1 adjuvant and an anticancer agent. The synergistic effect between CpG ODN (K3) and STING-ligand cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), culminating in NK cell IFN-γ (type-II IFN) production, is due to the concurrent effects of IL-12 and type-I IFNs, which are differentially regulated by IRF3/7, STING, and MyD88. The combination of CpG ODN with cGAMP is a potent type-1 adjuvant, capable of inducing strong Th 1-type responses, as demonstrated by enhanced antigen-specific IgG2c and IFN-γ production, as well as cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cell responses. In our murine tumor models, intratumoral injection of CpG ODN and cGAMP together reduced tumor size significantly compared with the singular treatments, acting as an antigen-free anticancer agent. Thus, the combination of CpG ODN and a STING ligand may offer therapeutic application as a potent type-II IFN inducer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.